Predisposition factors and control strategies of avian pathogenic in laying hens.

Shift in laying hens housing from conventional cage-based systems to alternatives has impacted their health and performance. Microorganisms colonize young chick in the early stages of their physiological and immune development. These colonizing microbes originate from parent and the environment.

Dose-response of inactivated yeast in diets of late gestating and lactating gilts on immunoglobulin transfer and offspring preweaning growth performance.

Fifty gilts (initial body weight [BW] 190.7 ± 4.2 kg) were recruited on day 85 of gestation and were used until day 19 of lactation to assess the dose-response of inactivated yeast via hydrolyzation (HY) inclusion on offspring growth and immunoglobulin (Ig) transfer prior to weaning.

Feeding flaxseed to chicken hens changes the size and fatty acid composition of their chicks' brains.

Diets fed to commercial chicken breeders are high in n-6 fatty acids (n-6 FAs) and low in n-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs). N-3 FAs are essential for embryonic brain development. In precocial birds, like chickens, brain development and brain n-3 FA accrual occur primarily before hatching.

Interactive Effects of Dietary Fiber and Lipid Types Modulate the Predicted Production and Absorption of Cecal and Colorectal Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Growing Pigs.

Background: High-fiber diets are supplemented with lipids to meet the required energy content, but data on the interactions between dietary fiber (DF) and lipid types on gastrointestinal fermentation in pigs are scant.

Objectives: This study aimed to use a combination of in vivo and in vitro fermentation methodologies to determine the interactive effects of DF and lipid types on short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and absorption and organic matter (OM) fermentability in the cecum and colorectal tract of pigs.

Methods: Eight ileal- and cecal-cannulated Yorkshire barrows were fed either pectin- or cellulose-containing diets that were supplemented with either corn oil or beef tallow in 2 independent Youden squares with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (n = 6).

Significance of successive feeding of sources of n-3 fatty acids to broiler breeders and their progeny on growth performance, intestinal lesion scores, lymphoid organs weight and plasma immunoglobulin A in broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria.

The study examined the effects of successive feeding of sources of n-3 PUFA to broiler breeders (BB) and their progeny in broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria. The BB were fed: 1) control (CON), corn-soybean meal diet, 2) CON + 1 % microalgae (DMA), as a source of DHA and 3) CON + 2.50% co-extruded full fat flaxseed (FFF), as a source of ALA.

Dynamic effects of black soldier fly larvae meal on the cecal bacterial microbiota and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistant determinants in broiler chickens.

Background: We had earlier described the growth-promoting and -depressive effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with low (12.5% and 25%) and high (50% and 100%) inclusion levels of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM), respectively, in Ross x Ross 708 broiler chicken diets. Herein, using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we investigated the effects of replacing SBM with increasing inclusion levels (0-100%) of BSFLM in broiler diets on the cecal bacterial community composition at each growth phase compared to broilers fed a basal corn-SBM diet with or without the in-feed antibiotic, bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD).

Growth performance, organs weight, intestinal histomorphology, and oocyst shedding in broiler chickens offered novel single strain Bacillus subtilis isolated from camel dung and challenged with Eimeria.

We evaluated a single strain Bacillus subtilis BS-9 direct-fed microbial (BSDFM) isolated from camel dung in Eimeria challenged broiler chickens. Seven-hundred d-old Ross 708 male chicks were placed in pens (25 birds/pen) and allocated to 2 treatments (n = 14). From d 0 to 13, control pens received untreated water (-BSDFM), and 2 treated pens received water and 2 mL x 10 colony forming unit/bird/d (+BSDFM); daily water intake (WI) was recorded.

Comparative efficacy of hydroxychloride and organic sources of zinc, copper, and manganese on egg production and concentration of trace minerals in eggs, plasma, and excreta in female broiler breeders from 42 to 63 weeks of age.

Comparative efficacy of hydroxychloride (HC) and organic (OR) sources of Zn, Cu and Mn on performance of broiler breeders (BB) between 42 and 63 weeks of age (WOA) was investigated. A total of 408 ♀ Ross 708 and 48 ♂ Yield Plus cockerels were placed in pens (17 ♀ and 2 ♂) housed in 2 rooms (12 pens/room) and allocated to one of 2 diets in a completely randomized block design (n=12). The diets had similar nutrient specifications but differed in Zn, Cu, and Mn sources: 1) HO, a blend of 80% HC and 20% OR sources, and 2) OR, 100% OR sources.

Response of broiler breeder pullets when fed hydrolyzed whole yeast from placement to 22 wk of age.

The study examined the effects of feeding broiler breeder pullets hydrolyzed whole yeast (HY) from hatch to 22 wk of age (WOA). A total of 524-day-old Ross 708 pullets were placed in floor pens (∼24 birds/pen) for the starter (0-4 WOA) and grower (5-18 WOA) phases, then transferred to the egg production facility and redistributed to ∼20 birds/pen for the prelay phase (19-22 WOA). Two diets were allocated to pens (0-18 WOA; n = 11) and (19-22 WOA; n-12).

Effects of pretreating wheat middlings and sunflower meal with fiber degrading enzymes on components solubilization and utilization in broiler chickens.

Pretreating fibrous feedstuffs with exogenous enzymes may improve their utilization in broiler chickens. Pretreatment of wheat middlings () and sunflower meal () with fiber degrading enzymes () was investigated for 1) in vitro solubilization of crude protein () and fiber-degrading (experiment 1), and 2) apparent retention () of CP, neutral detergent fiber (), nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (), as well as the concentration of ceca digesta metabolites in broiler chickens (experiment 2). In experiment 1, WM was pretreated with FDE and SM with FDE ± protease and incubated in a shaker for 24 or 48 h at 40°C and 200 rpm.

Growth and response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge in Lohmann LSL-Lite pullets when fed a source of omega-3 fatty acids and yeast bioactives from hatch through to 16 wk of age.

Growth and response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in Lohmann LSL-Lite pullets when fed a source of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) and yeast bioactives (YB) from hatch through to 16 wk of age (woa) were investigated. Co-extruded full fat flaxseed and pulse mixture (FFF; 1:1 wt/wt) supplied n-3 FA and YB were yeast cell walls processed with β-1,3-glucan hydrolase. A total of 1,064-day-old pullets were placed in cages (19 birds/cage) and allocated to 7 diets (n = 8).

Comparative growth performance, gizzard weight, ceca digesta short chain fatty acids and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens and turkey poults in response to cereal grain type, fiber level, and multienzyme supplement fed from hatch to 28 days of life.

Growth performance, gizzard weight, ceca digesta short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and apparent retention (AR) of components were investigated in broilers and turkeys in response to cereal grain type, fiber level, and multienzyme supplement (MES) fed from hatch to 28 d of life. 480-day-old male broiler chicks and equal number of turkeys were placed separately in metabolism cages (10 birds/cage) and allocated to 8 diets. The species-specific diets were a corn or wheat-based basal diet without (LF) or with 10% corn DDGS or wheat middlings (HF) and fed without or with MES.

Egg production, egg quality, and fatty acids profiles in eggs and tissues in Lohmann LSL lite hens fed algal oils rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Enriching eggs with omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is a well-accepted practice that benefits the egg industry and consumers. However, issues around cost, sustainability, and product acceptance have necessitated the search for alternatives to feeding hens fish oil for DHA enrichment. The effects of feeding 2 algal oils on egg production and DHA enrichment in eggs and selected tissues were investigated.

Comparative efficacy of a novel Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic and pharmacological zinc oxide on growth performance and gut responses in nursery pigs.

In this study, we assessed the efficacy of a novel Bacillus subtilis probiotic in improving growth performance and gut responses in comparison to pharmacological zinc oxide (ZnO) in nursery pigs. A total of 96 piglets were randomly assigned to four groups: Negative control (NC), Positive control (PC, 3000 mg Zn /kg feed), B.subtilis low dose (BS9-L, 2 × 10 CFU/pig) and B.

Research Note: Impact of Eimeria on apparent retention of components and metabolizable energy in broiler chickens fed single or mixture of feed ingredients-based diets.

The effect of Eimeria on apparent retention (AR) of components and metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) content in corn, wheat, soybean meal (SBM), and pork meal (PM) was investigated in broiler chickens. A total of 840 male d-old Ross 708 chicks were placed in 84 cages (10 birds/cage) and allocated either a nitrogen-free diet (NFD), or 1 of 6 test cornstarch-based semipurified diets: 1) corn, 2) wheat, 3) SBM, 4) PM, 5) corn, SBM, and PM (CSP) mixture, and 6) wheat, SBM, and PM (WSP) mixture (n = 12). Diets contained 0.

Egg production, egg quality, organ weight, bone ash, and plasma metabolites in 30-week-old Lohmann LSL lite hens fed corn and soybean meal-based diets supplemented with enzymatically treated yeast.

Highly prolific modern hens are susceptible to metabolic disorders that could be modulated by functional feedstuffs such as enzymatically treated yeast (ETY). Therefore, we assessed the dose-response of ETY on hen-day egg production (HDEP), egg quality attributes, organ weight, bone ash, and plasma metabolites in laying hens. A total of 160 thirty-week-old Lohmann LSL lite hens were placed in 40 enriched cages (4 birds/cage) based on body weight (BW) and allocated to 5 diets in a completely randomized design for a 12-wk trial.

Effects of partial or complete replacement of soybean meal with commercial black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) meal on growth performance, cecal short chain fatty acids, and excreta metabolome of broiler chickens.

Black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) is receiving great attention as a rich source of protein and antimicrobials for poultry. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of partially or completely replacing soybean meal (SBM) with commercial BSFLM on growth performance, tibia traits, cecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, and excreta metabolomes in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). A total of 480 day-old male Ross × Ross 708 chicks were assigned to 6 diets (8 replicates/diet): a basal corn-SBM diet with in-feed bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD), a corn-SBM diet without BMD (0% BSFLM), and four diets in which the SBM was substituted with 12.

Yeast derivatives as a source of bioactive components in animal nutrition: A brief review.

With a long history of inclusion within livestock feeding programs, yeast and their respective derivatives are well-understood from a nutritional perspective. Originally used as sources of highly digestible protein in young animal rations in order to offset the use of conventional protein sources such as soybean and fish meal, application strategies have expanded in recent years into non-nutritional uses for all animal categories. For the case of yeast derivatives, product streams coming from the downstream processing of nutritional yeast, the expansion in use cases across species groups has been driven by a greater understanding of the composition of each derivative along with deeper knowledge of mechanistic action of key functional components.

Evaluation of standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and metabolic availability of methionine, using the indicator amino acid oxidation method, in black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) meal fed to growing pigs.

Standardized ileal digestibility (SID, %) of crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) and the metabolic availability (MA) of Met using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method, in partially defatted black soldier fly larvae (PD-BSFL) meal were determined in growing pigs in 2 experiments. The Met SID value was then compared numerically with the Met MA to understand how different SID is compared with its MA value. In Exp.

Production systems and important antimicrobial resistant-pathogenic bacteria in poultry: a review.

Economic losses and market constraints caused by bacterial diseases such as colibacillosis due to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli and necrotic enteritis due to Clostridium perfringens remain major problems for poultry producers, despite substantial efforts in prevention and control. Antibiotics have been used not only for the treatment and prevention of such diseases, but also for growth promotion. Consequently, these practices have been linked to the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistant bacteria which constitute a significant global threat to humans, animals, and the environment.

Complete replacement of soybean meal with black soldier fly larvae meal in feeding program for broiler chickens from placement through to 49 days of age reduced growth performance and altered organs morphology.

Black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) is characterized with good nutritional and functional attributes. However, there is limited data on inclusion of BSFLM in broiler chicken rations from placement through to market weight. Therefore, we examined growth and organ responses of partial to complete replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with BSFLM in a practical feeding program.

Comparative protein quality in black soldier fly larvae meal vs. soybean meal and fish meal using classical protein efficiency ratio (PER) chick growth assay model.

Black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) is a relatively new ingredient that has attracted attention for application in human, farm, and companion animal nutrition. However, there is limited data on protein quality (PQ) of BSFLM. This study compared PQ in BSFLM with soybean meal (SBM) and fishmeal (FM) using the classical protein efficiency ratio (PER) chick growth assay model.

Enzymatically treated yeast bolstered growth performance of broiler chicks from young broiler breeders linked to improved indices of intestinal function, integrity, and immunity.

Older breeder chicks (OBC) are heavier and robust at hatch than younger breeder chicks (YBC). However, the implications of broiler breeder age on chick intestinal function and the role of functional feedstuffs are unexplored. We evaluated the effects of broiler breeder age and the impact of feeding YBC enzymatically treated yeast on growth, nutrient utilization, and indices of intestinal function.