Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antibodies in autoimmune central nervous system disorders.

Background: Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are abundant in the central nervous system (CNS), playing critical roles in brain function. Antigenicity of nAChRs has been well demonstrated with antibodies to ganglionic AChR subtypes (i.e.

Patients with restless legs syndrome exhibit reduced serum colony-stimulating factor-1, humanin-like 3 and 10 levels.

Objective: The main pathophysiological mechanisms in restless legs syndrome (RLS) are known as genetic predisposition, brain iron deficiency, and dopaminergic dysfunction. While some genetic variants and polymorphisms were defined, the genetic basis and etiopathogenesis of RLS remain unclear. We aimed to identify new candidate genes and/or potential biomarkers associated with increased RLS risk.

The effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale L.) liquid extract on growth, immune response, antioxidant defence mechanism, and general health of Holstein calves.

This study was carried out to examine the effects of ginger liquid extract (GLE) on the growth, immune response, antioxidative defence mechanism, and general health of Holstein calves. Sixteen calves (4-d old) were included in the experiment and randomly assigned to groups, and they were fed whole milk containing GLE at a rate of 0, 0.50, 0.

Electrodiagnostic methods to verify Guillain-Barré syndrome subtypes in Istanbul: A prospective multicenter study.

Background And Aims: This study aimed to identify the clinical characteristics and electrodiagnostic subtypes of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in Istanbul.

Methods: Patients with GBS were prospectively recruited between April 2019 and March 2022 and two electrodiagnostic examinations were performed on each patient. The criteria of Ho et al.

Peripheral blood regulatory B and T cells are decreased in patients with focal epilepsy.

Patients with focal epilepsy of unknown cause (FEoUC) may display T cell infiltration in post-surgery brain specimens and increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by B and T cells, indicating potential involvement of adaptive immunity. Our study aimed to investigate the peripheral blood distribution of B and T cell subgroups to find clues supporting the distinct organization of adaptive immunity in FEoUC. Twenty-two patients with FEoUC and 25 age and sex matched healthy individuals were included.

Antibody induced seizure susceptibility and impaired cognitive performance in a passive transfer rat model of autoimmune encephalitis.

Objective: Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a distinct neuro-immunological disorder associated with the production of autoantibodies against neuronal proteins responsible for pharmacoresistant seizures, cognitive decline and behavioral problems. To establish the causal link between leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibody and seizures, we developed an antibody-mediated AE rat model in which serum antibodies (IgG) obtained from blood samples of leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) protein antibody (IgG) positive encephalitis patients were passively transferred into non-epileptic Wistar rats. Serum IgG of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibody positive patients were used as positive control since the pathogenicity of this antibody has been previously shown in animal models.

Disease activity in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: association between circulating B-cell subsets, cytokine levels, and clinical outcomes.

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), a common and treatable autoimmune neuropathy, is frequently misdiagnosed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between immunological markers and clinical outcome measures in a mixed cohort of patients with typical CIDP and CIDP variants at different disease stages. Twenty-three typical, 16 multifocal and five distal CIDP patients were included.

Increased neuropil antibody prevalence in COVID-19 patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Objectives: COVID-19 infection is associated with an increased risk of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Although the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown, autoimmunity has been implicated as a potential role player.

Methods: To investigate the presence and clinical impact of neuronal cell surface antibodies in COVID-19 associated AIS, patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and AIS ( = 30), COVID-19 pneumonia without AIS ( = 32) and AIS without COVID-19 infection ( = 27) were recruited.

Chloride intracellular channel protein-1 (CLIC1) antibody in multiple sclerosis patients with predominant optic nerve and spinal cord involvement.

Introduction: Antibodies to cell surface proteins of astrocytes have been described in chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorders (CIDD) of the central nervous system including multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Our aim was to identify novel anti-astrocyte autoantibodies in relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) patients presenting predominantly with spinal cord and optic nerve attacks (MS-SCON).

Methods: Sera of 29 MS-SCON patients and 36 healthy controls were screened with indirect immunofluorescence to identify IgG reacting with human astrocyte cultures.

Distribution of peripheral blood mononuclear cell subtypes in patients with West syndrome: Impact of synacthen treatment.

Background: West Syndrome (WS) is an epileptic encephalopathy that typically occurs in infants and is characterized by hypsarrhythmia, infantile spasms, and neurodevelopmental impairment. Demonstration of autoantibodies and cytokines in some WS patients and favorable response to immunotherapy have implicated inflammation as a putative trigger of epileptiform activity in WS. Our aim was to provide additional support for altered inflammatory responses in WS through peripheral blood immunophenotype analysis.

Serum CXCL5 as a biomarker in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

Objective: Our aim was to determine whether serum C-X-C motif chemokine 5 (CXCL5) may serve as a diagnostic biomarker for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) as well as a marker that can be used to predict treatment response.

Methods: CXCL5 levels were measured by ELISA in sera of 20 RRMS patients under fingolimod treatment, 10 neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) patients, 15 RRMS patients presenting predominantly with spinal cord and optic nerve attacks (MS-SCON), and 14 healthy controls.

Results: Fingolimod treatment significantly reduced CXCL5 levels.

Permanent Impairment of Language Functions in an Adolescent Case of Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Introduction: In pediatric and adolescent population, autoimmune encephalitis (AE) may present with a wide variety of symptoms including cognitive regression accompanied with loss of language skills. Despite its high prevalence in AE, linguistic functions have not been investigated in extensive detail.

Case: A 12-year-old girl with no significant premorbid history and normal school performance presented with fever, hypersomnia, nocturnal myoclonus and behavioral changes.

Cerebrospinal fluid level of neurofilament light chain is associated with increased disease activity in neuro-Behçet's disease.

Background: Clinical exacerbations characterized with neurological symptoms are observed in around 10% of Behçet's disease (BD) patients and may culminate in severe disability. Although certain immunological factors have been associated with disease activity in neuro-Behçet's disease (NBD), biomarkers for monitoring the clinical outcome of NBD have not been properly investigated.

Methods: Levels of neurofilament light chain (NFL), homeobox protein Hox-B3 (HoxB3), and YKL-40 were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of 23 parenchymal (n = 16) and nonparenchymal (n = 7) NBD patients obtained during NBD attacks by ELISA.

Reduced expression of inflammasome complex components in cluster headache.

Background: The involvement of inflammation in the pathophysiology of cluster headache (CH) has been suggested, with a role implied for interleukin (IL)-1β. We aimed to measure peripheral blood expression levels of IL-1β-inducing systems, the inflammasome complex, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling, and investigate their values as putative biomarkers in CH.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted in the Headache Unit of Istanbul University, Turkey, blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and sera were collected from 30 patients with episodic migraine, 4 with chronic CH, and 47 healthy individuals.

The effect of the platelet-rich plasma on osteogenic potential of the periosteum in an animal bone defect model.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate whether plasma-rich plasma (PRP) enhances the osteogenic potential of periosteal grafts used to repair bone defects and maintains both histologically and biomechanically more durable bone tissue.

Materials And Methods: A standard bone defect was formed to the left femurs of 54 Sprague-Dawley rats and three groups were formed. In the first group (n=18), no periosteal repair was done for bone defect.

Reduced Serum sRANKL and sTREM2 Levels in High-Grade Gliomas: Association with Prognosis.

Introduction: High-grade gliomas (HGG), including Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), account for the majority of primary brain tumors. Nevertheless, prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers are quite limited for HGG. The objective of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of sRANKL and sTREM2 levels in HGG patients.

Serum antiganglioside antibodies in patients with autoimmune limbic encephalitis.

Background: Ganglioside antibodies are identified not only in patients with inflammatory neuropathies but also several central nervous system disorders and paraneoplastic neuropathies. Our aim was to investigate whether ganglioside antibodies are found in autoimmune encephalitis patients and may function as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker.

Methods: Sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of 33 patients fulfilling the criteria for probable autoimmune encephalitis were collected within the first week of clinical manifestation.

Peripheral blood B cell subset ratios and expression levels of B cell-associated genes are altered in benign multiple sclerosis.

The interplay between the immune system, sleep dysfunction and cognitive impairment participates in the progression of disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). Our aim was to identify molecular pathways and B cell associated with separate components of MS disability. Benign MS, non-benign MS patients and healthy controls were recruited.

Elevated sTREM2 and NFL levels in patients with sepsis associated encephalopathy.

Purpose: Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a common manifestation of sepsis that may lead to cognitive decline. Our aim was to investigate whether the neurofilament light chain (NFL) and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) could be utilized as prognostic biomarkers in SAE.

Materials And Methods: In this prospective observational study, baseline serum levels of sTREM2 and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of sTREM2 and NFL were measured by ELISA in 11 SAE patients and controls.

Inflammation and regulatory T cell genes are differentially expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Parkinson's disease patients.

Our aim was to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and healthy controls by microarray technology and analysis of related molecular pathways by functional annotation. Thirty PD patients and 30 controls were enrolled. Agilent Human 8X60 K Oligo Microarray was used for gene level expression identification.

Adaptive immunity cells are differentially distributed in the peripheral blood of glycine receptor antibody-positive patients with focal epilepsy of unknown cause.

Aim: Glycine receptor (GlyR) autoantibodies (Ab) have been recently detected in epilepsy patients. Our study aimed to investigate the peripheral blood distribution of B and T cell subgroups responsible for antibody production to find clues supporting the distinct organization of adaptive immunity in focal epilepsy of unknown cause (FEUC).

Method: Seven GlyR-Ab positive and 15 GlyR-Ab negative FEUC patients and 25 age-sex matched healthy individuals were included.

Peripheral blood expression levels of inflammasome complex components in two different focal epilepsy syndromes.

Background: Although the role of inflammation in epilepsy pathogenesis has been extensively investigated, the inflammasome complex, a key component of neuroinflammation, has been understudied in epilepsy patients.

Methods: To better understand the involvement of this system in epilepsy, levels of inflammasome complex components (NLRP1, NLRP3, CASP1, ASC), end-products of inflammasome complex activity [IL-1β, IL-18, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms] and other inflammatory factors (NFκB, IL-6, TNF-α) were measured in peripheral blood of patients with focal epilepsy of unknown cause (FEoUC) (n = 47), mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS) (n = 35) and healthy controls using real time qPCR and/or ELISA.

Results: Inflammasome complex associated factors were either downregulated or unchanged in epilepsy patients.