Surgical approach to a severe case of sodium hypochlorite accident: a case report and review of the literature.

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the most common irrigant used in modern endodontics due to the antimicrobial properties against bacteria, the powerful oxidative activity, and the ability to dissolve organic soft tissues. When NaOCl extrudes the apex of the root, commonly referred as "sodium hypochlorite accident," it can lead to devastating outcomes leading to long-term functional and esthetic deficits. Currently, no clear guidelines exist as to how these patients should be managed.

Hormone-Independent Sexual Dimorphism in the Regulation of Bone Resorption by Krox20.

Krox20/EGR2 is a zinc finger transcription factor, implicated in the development of the hindbrain, nerve myelination, and tumor suppression. In skeletal biology, we have demonstrated that Krox20 also regulates adult bone metabolism. We and others have characterized several functions of Krox20 in the osteoclast lineage, namely, preosteoclast proliferation and differentiation, and mature osteoclast apoptosis.

Estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators differentially antagonize Runx2 in ST2 mesenchymal progenitor cells.

Estrogens attenuate bone turnover by inhibiting both osteoclasts and osteoblasts, in part through antagonizing Runx2. Apparently conflicting, stimulatory effects in osteoblast lineage cells, however, sway the balance between bone resorption and bone formation in favor of the latter. Consistent with this dualism, 17ß-estradiol (E2) both stimulates and inhibits Runx2 in a locus-specific manner, and here we provide evidence for such locus-specific regulation of Runx2 by E2 in vivo.