anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and antioxidant efficacy, and acute oral toxicity effects of the aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of (Harms.).

Oxidative stress causes and drives many agonising inflammatory conditions, which cause disability, financial burden, and emotional stress. The current anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant agents are associated with adverse effects, inaccessibility, high costs, and low efficacies, thereby warranting the need for alternatives, especially from natural sources. plant is traditionally used in Kenyan communities to treat various inflammatory and oxidative stress-associated diseases; however, its pharmacologic efficacy and safety have not been empirically validated, hence this study.