Resection of a giant bilateral retrovascular intrathoracic goiter causing severe upper airway obstruction, 2 years after subtotal thyroidectomy: a case report and review of the literature.

The intrathoracic (or substernal) goiter is more often benign; but it can be malignant in 2-22% of patients. There is history of prior thyroid surgery in 10% to more than 30% of patients. Intrathoracic goiters cause adjacent structure compression more frequently than the cervical goiters, due to the limited space of the thoracic cage.

Correlation of transiently evoked otoacoustic emission measures to auditory thresholds.

Background: The presence of otoacoustic emissions is objective evidence of normal cochlear status. However, this test cannot be used to predict absolute auditory thresholds with accuracy. The criteria of normal otoacoustic emissions are not yet standardized and different measures of otoacoustic emissions have been used in various settings.