Alendronate treatment rescues the effects of compressive loading of TMJ in osteogenesis imperfecta mice.

Background: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder of connective tissue caused by mutations associated with type I collagen, which results in defective extracellular matrix in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) cartilage and subchondral bone. TMJ is a fibrocartilaginous joint expressing type I collagen both in the cartilage and the subchondral bone. In the present study the effects of alendronate and altered loading of the TMJ was analyzed both in male and female OI mice.

FGF Ligands and Receptors in Osteochondral Tissues of the Temporomandibular Joint in Young and Aging Mice.

Objective: Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of 22 proteins and 4 FGF receptors (FGFRs) that are crucial elements for normal development. The contribution of different FGFs and FGFRs for the homeostasis or disease of the cartilage from the mandibular condyle is unknown. Therefore, our goal was to characterize age-related alterations in the protein expression of FGF ligands and FGFRs in the mandibular condyle of mice.

Dynamic changes in transcriptome during orthodontic tooth movement.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine global changes in gene expression with next generation sequencing (NGS) in order to assess the biological effects of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) on alveolar bone in a rat model.

Materials And Methods: Thirty-five Wistar rats (age 14 weeks) were used in the study. The OTM was performed using closed coil Nickel-Titanium spring to apply a mesial force on maxillary first molars of 8-10 g.

Anabolic Response of Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone and Alendronate on the Osteochondral Tissue of TMJ.

Objective: To characterize the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and alendronate (Alend) on the osteochondral tissue of temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

Materials And Methods: Ninety-six male and female transgenic reporter mice, 4 to 5 weeks old were divided into 6 groups: (1) Control group: Saline was injected daily for 14 days; (2) PTH: PTH was injected daily for 14 days; (3) Alend: Alend was injected every alternate days for 14 days; (4) Combined PTH and Alend: PTH was injected daily and Alend injected every alternate days for 14 days; (5) PTH then Alend: PTH was injected daily for 14 days followed by Alend injections in alternate days for 14 days; and (6) PTH wait Alend: PTH was injected daily for 14 days. There was a waiting period of 1 week before administration of Alend in alternate days for 14 days.

Vitamin E enriched diet increases the rate of orthodontic tooth movement.

Introduction: Vitamin E is a popular antioxidant suggested to affect bone turnover. However, the effects of a vitamin E enriched diet on the rate of tooth movement are unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate tooth movement in rats receiving a vitamin E enriched diet.

The effect of alveolar decortication on orthodontically induced root resorption.

Objective: To determine the effect of alveolar decortication on orthodontically induced root resorption.

Materials And Methods: A total of 24 male Wistar rats (14 week old) were used. The rats were randomly divided into one of the following three groups: group 1 (control group), orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) for 2 weeks; group 2, OTM for 2 weeks + two alveolar decortications (2AD); group 3, OTM for 2 weeks + four alveolar decortications (4AD).

BMP2 Is Required for Postnatal Maintenance of Osteochondral Tissues of the Temporomandibular Joint.

Objective: Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) plays important roles in cartilage growth and development. Paradoxically, elevated levels of BMP2 leads to hypertrophic differentiation and osteoarthritis of cartilage. We examined the loss of BMP2 in cells expressing aggrecan of the mandibular condyle and knee.

The effect of differential force system and minimal surgical intervention on orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption.

Objective: The primary objective of this study was to quantify the orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and orthodontically induced root resorption (OIRR) with differential force system in conjunction with minimal surgical insult.

Material And Methods: 15-week-old, 48 male Wistar rats were used in the research and were randomly divided into six groups: 1. Group 1 (8 Wistar rats): OTM for 14 days with 8-g force; 2.

Raloxifene administration enhances retention in an orthodontic relapse model.

Background And Objectives: Orthodontic relapse is a physiologic process that involves remodelling of the alveolar bone and principle periodontal ligament fibres. Raloxifene is an Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved selective oestrogen receptor modulator that inhibits systemic bone loss. In our study, we examined the effects of Raloxifene on alveolar bone modelling and orthodontic relapse in a rodent model.

Age-related changes in the cartilage of the temporomandibular joint.

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is closely associated with aging; however, little is known about the age-related degeneration in the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) of the TMJ. Our objective was to examine whether a correlation exists between aging and degeneration of the MCC of the TMJ. Thirty-two male C57BL/6J wild-type mice were aged to 2, 12, 18, and 25 months old.

The effects on the mandibular condyle of Botox injection into the masseter are not transient.

Objectives: To evaluate whether the effects on the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) and subchondral bone are transient of botulinum neurotoxin (Botox) injection into the masseter muscle.

Methods: Botox (0.3 U) was injected into the right masseter of 6-week-old female mice (C57BL/6; n = 16).

Injectable RANKL sustained release formulations to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement.

Background: Accelerating orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) through biologically effective methods, such as increasing osteoclast-mediated alveolar resorption, could effectively shorten treatment time.

Objective: To evaluate an injectable formulation containing receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) on the OTM.

Materials And Methods: We fabricated a RANKL formulation from 100 µl of 100 µg/ml RANKL adsorbed on 10 mg of poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) microspheres embedded in a 10 wt% aqueous hydroxyethyl cellulose carrier gel.

Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone [1-34] Augments Chondrogenesis of the Mandibular Condylar Cartilage of the Temporomandibular Joint.

Objective: To characterize the long-term effects of intermittent parathyroid hormone (I-PTH) on the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) and subchondral bone of the temporomandibular joint, and

Materials And Methods: For the experiments, sixteen 10-week-old mice were divided into 2 groups: (1) I-PTH ( = 8)-subcutaneous daily injection of PTH; (2) control group ( = 8)-subcutaneous daily injection of saline solution. Experiments were carried out for 4 weeks. Mice were injected with calcein, alizarin complexone, and cell proliferation marker before euthanasia.

The effect of the extent of surgical insult on orthodontic tooth movement.

Objective: The primary objective of this study was to investigate how the extent of surgical insult affects the orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and the alveolar bone modelling and remodelling in a rodent model.

Material And Methods: 15-week-old male Wistar rats were used in the research and they were randomly divided into three treatment groups: (1) OTM only (N = 8); (2) OTM + 2 alveolar decortication (AD) (less surgical insult) (N = 8); and (3) OTM + 4 AD (more surgical insult) (N = 8). A nickel-titanium spring delivering 5-8 g of force was used to protract the molar mesially using maxillary incisors as an anchorage.

Temporomandibular Joint Disorders in Older Adults.

Objectives: To review the literature and summarize the evidence of temporomandibualar joint (TMJ) disorders (TMDs) in older adults, focusing on clinical manifestations of TMDs in older adults, highlighting the incidence and sexual dimorphism of TMJ degeneration and the role of sex hormones in this process, and providing potential treatment options for TMD in older adults.

Design: Two review authors performed the literature search, study inclusion, and data extraction. PubMed, Embase, and Google scholar were searched for literature until August 2017 (Figure ).

A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has the capacity to adapt to external stimuli, and loading changes can affect the position of condyles, as well as the structural and cellular components of the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC). This manuscript describes methods for analyzing these changes and a method for altering the loading of the TMJ in mice (i.e.

Loading of the Condylar Cartilage Can Rescue the Effects of Botox on TMJ.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the effects of botulinum neurotoxin (botox) injection into the masseter in the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) and subchondral bone could be rescued by compressive loading of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Twenty-four 6-week-old female mice (C57BL/6J) were used. Mice were divided in three groups: (1) Botox (n = 8); (2) Botox plus loading (n = 8); (3) Pure control (n = 8).

The effects of alveolar decortications on orthodontic tooth movement and bone remodelling in rats.

Objectives: Alveolar decortication (AD) is a minimally invasive procedure that can be performed in the orthodontic office as an intervention to accelerate tooth movement. There is a gap in the literature evaluating the earlier and delayed responses after AD using lighter orthodontic forces in a rat model. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of AD in the amount of orthodontic tooth movement and on alveolar bone remodelling in a rodent model, after 7 or 14 days.

PTH [1-34] induced differentiation and mineralization of mandibular condylar cartilage.

Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone (I-PTH) is the only FDA approved anabolic drug therapy available for the treatment of osteoporosis in males and postmenopausal females. The effects of I-PTH on the chondrogenic lineage of the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) are not well understood. To investigate the role of I-PTH on the MCC and subchondral bone, we carried out our studies using 4 to 5 week old triple transgenic mice (Col1a1XCol2a1XCol10a1).

Dietary phosphate supplement does not rescue skeletal phenotype in a mouse model for craniometaphyseal dysplasia.

Background: Mutations in the human progressive ankylosis gene (ANKH; Mus musculus ortholog Ank) have been identified as cause for craniometaphyseal dysplasia (CMD), characterized by progressive thickening of craniofacial bones and flared metaphyses of long bones. We previously reported a knock-in (KI) mouse model (Ank ) for CMD and showed transiently lower serum phosphate (Pi) as well as significantly higher mRNA levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (Fgf23) in Ank mice. FGF23 is secreted by bone and acts in kidney to promote Pi wasting which leads to lower serum Pi levels.

Cellular and Matrix Response of the Mandibular Condylar Cartilage to Botulinum Toxin.

Objectives: To evaluate the cellular and matrix effects of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) on mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) and subchondral bone.

Materials And Methods: Botox (0.3 unit) was injected into the right masseter of 5-week-old transgenic mice (Col10a1-RFPcherry) at day 1.

Bone Response of Loaded Periodontal Ligament.

The tooth-periodontal ligament-alveolar bone complex acts symbiotically to dissipate the mechanical loads incurred during mastication and/or orthodontic tooth movement. The periodontal ligament functions both in the tension and compression. At the molecular and celleular levels, the loads in the periodontal ligament trigger mechanobiological events in the alveolar bone, which leads to bone modeling and remodeling.

The buccinator during mastication: A functional and anatomical evaluation in minipigs.

Objective: The buccinator muscle forms the lateral wall of the oral cavity. It is presumed to aid mastication by maintaining bolus position. Such a function would involve thickening the cheek, possibly compressing the alveolar bone and contributing to malocclusions.

Electromyographic activity evaluation and comparison of the orbicularis oris (lower fascicle) and mentalis muscles in predominantly nose- or mouth-breathing subjects.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the orbicularis oris--lower fascicle (LOO) muscle and the mentalis muscle (MT)--in predominantly nose-breathing (PNB) and mouth-breathing (PMB) subjects.

Methods: Thirty-four subjects, 22 PNB and 12 PMB, with Class II Division 1 malocclusions were evaluated in 2001 (T1) and again in 2004 (T2), 2 years 5 months later. The age ranges of the sample were 11 years to 14 years 11 months at T1, and 13 years 4 months to 16 years 6 months at T2.