Implantation of cardioverter-defibrillator: effects on shoulder function.

Background: Subcutaneous almost substituted subpectoral approach of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation as a less invasive surgical technique. However, the impact of this change in placement site on procedure-related shoulder impairment is poorly understood.

Methods: Candidates for ICD implantation were prospectively evaluated at baseline, 2-weeks and 3-months after the procedure.

Chronic endurance exercise training prevents aging-related cognitive decline in healthy older adults: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of endurance exercise training (EET) on the cognitive status of healthy community-dwelling older adults.

Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving community-dwelling older adults from the town of Pianoro (northern Italy). We randomized 120 healthy subjects aged 65-74 years, both genders, to treatment (N = 60) and control (N = 60) groups.