Prostate biopsy in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: current trends and techniques.

The advent of prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) has had a significant impact on the detection of prostate cancer over the last 15 years. The mean age at diagnosis has decreased and the most common stage at diagnosis is now localized disease. TRUS guidance, spring-loaded biopsy needles, utilization of oral antibiotic prophylaxis, developments in local anesthesia, increases in the number of cores sampled and the use of site-specific containers have all made the prostate biopsy easier to perform and more accurate.

Approach to management of clinically localized prostate cancer in patients with human immunodeficiency virus.

Objectives: To evaluate the approach to management of localized prostate cancer (PCa) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 10 HIV-positive patients who recently presented with elevated prostate-specific antigen levels and clinically localized PCa.

Results: At the diagnosis of PCa, the average patient was 54.