The Use of Retinal Imaging Including Fundoscopy, OCT, and OCTA for Cardiovascular Risk Stratification and the Detection of Subclinical Atherosclerosis.

Purpose Of Review: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally, and retinal imaging modalities (old and new) are being explored as noninvasive tools to predict latent atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on the emerging promise of fundoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in CVD prognostication.

Recent Findings: High-quality studies have established the utility of vessel-based parameters and discrete conditions diagnosable via fundoscopy in subclinical atherosclerosis detection or CVD prediction.

Impact of Patient Race/Ethnicity on Premium Intraocular Lens Utilization.

Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between social determinants of health and the likelihood of receiving a premium intraocular lens (IOL) at the time of cataract surgery.

Methods: Retrospective chart review of a single-center, academic ophthalmology practice over a one-year period, with a primary outcome measure of placement of either a premium or standard IOL. We used logistic regression to calculate the odds of receiving a premium IOL, stratifying patients based on self-identified race/ethnicity, age, sex, insurance type (private insurance vs.

Novel severe oculocutaneous manifestations of human monkeypox virus infection and their historical analogues.

WHO has declared human mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) a global public health emergency since July, 2022. When case numbers were increasing, so did clinicians' exposures to new elements of the disease. Additionally, the burden of mpox is particularly apparent in immunocompromised patients, who can have more variable and severe manifestations of disease across organ systems.

Archetypal analysis of visual fields in optic neuritis reveals functional biomarkers associated with outcome and treatment response.

Background And Objectives: Archetypal analysis (AA), a form of unsupervised machine learning, can identify quantifiable visual field (VF) patterns seen in optic neuritis (ON), known as archetypes (ATs). We hypothesized that AT weight changes over time would reflect the course of recovery and the effects of therapy in ON. We explored whether baseline AT weights would be associated with VF status at the clinical trial outcome and if ATs would indicate residual VF defects in eyes with mean deviation (MD) ≥ -2.

Unsupervised Machine Learning Shows Change in Visual Field Loss in the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial.

Purpose: We previously reported that archetypal analysis (AA), a type of unsupervised machine learning, identified and quantified patterns of visual field (VF) loss in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), referred to as archetypes (ATs). We assessed whether AT weight changes over time are consistent with changes in conventional global indices, whether visual outcome or treatment effects are associated with select AT, and whether AA reveals residual VF defects in eyes deemed normal after treatment.

Design: Analysis of data collected from a randomized controlled trial.

Archetypal Analysis Reveals Quantifiable Patterns of Visual Field Loss in Optic Neuritis.

Purpose: Identifying and monitoring visual field (VF) defects due to optic neuritis (ON) relies on qualitative clinician interpretation. Archetypal analysis (AA), a form of unsupervised machine learning, is used to quantify VF defects in glaucoma. We hypothesized that AA can identify quantifiable, ON-specific patterns (as archetypes [ATs]) of VF loss that resemble known ON VF defects.

Underutilization of advanced presurgical studies and high rates of vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy: a single-center experience and recommendations.

Introduction: Epilepsy surgery continues to be profoundly underutilized despite its safety and effectiveness. We sought to investigate factors that may contribute to this phenomenon, with a particular focus on the antecedent underutilization of appropriate preoperative studies.

Methods: We reviewed patient data from a pediatric epilepsy clinic over an 18-month period.

Unsupervised Machine Learning Identifies Quantifiable Patterns of Visual Field Loss in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension.

Purpose: Archetypal analysis, a form of unsupervised machine learning, identifies archetypal patterns within a visual field (VF) dataset such that any VF is described as a weighted sum of its archetypes (ATs) and has been used to quantify VF defects in glaucoma. We applied archetypal analysis to VFs affected by nonglaucomatous optic neuropathy caused by idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).

Methods: We created an AT model from 2862 VFs prospectively collected from 330 eyes in the IIH Treatment Trial (IIHTT).

Primary and Secondary Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma.

 This study was aimed to review issues relating to the recognition, radiographic diagnosis, monitoring, and management of primary and secondary optic nerve sheath meningioma (ONSM).  This study is a review of peer-reviewed literature combined with illustrative case studies.  A literature search was conducted via the PubMed database using pertinent search terms.

Posterior Approach for a Ventral Intradural Extramedullary Meningioma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Ventral thoracic meningiomas are rare entities in which the spinal cord is attenuated and draped over the meningioma symmetrically. This is a challenging surgical entity compared to typical intradural meningiomas, which nearly always eccentrically displace the cord. In these more common meningiomas, surgical access is fairly straightforward as the meningioma is often visualized upon opening the meninges.

Deciphering the surgical treatment gap for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE): A literature review.

Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) rarely achieve seizure freedom with medical therapy alone. Despite being safe and effective for select patients with DRE, epilepsy surgery remains heavily underutilized. Multiple studies have indicated that the overall rates of surgery in patients with DRE have stagnated in recent years and may be decreasing, even when hospitalizations for epilepsy-related problems are on the rise.

Treatment options and long-term outcomes in pediatric spinal cord vascular malformations: a case report and review of the literature.

A 16-month-old female was admitted for prolonged fever, gait ataxia, and neurogenic bowel and bladder. Neurological exam was significant for decreased sensory and motor functions in bilateral lower extremities. Initial MRI showed a thoracic spine hematoma and diagnostic angiogram revealed a large AVM and aneurysm.

Resection of a posterior fossa arteriovenous malformation complicated by leaked Onyx: a case report and review of literature.

Extravasation of Onyx is a rare complication during embolization of arteriovenous malformations (AVM). We present a case of embolization that was complicated by leakage of Onyx into the cerebellum which was later encountered during surgical excision of the AVM. Our goal is to report this rare event and to outline successful treatment of this complication.

Temporal evolution of a patient with a spinal dural arteriovenous fistula on serial MRI.

Introduction: A spinal dural arteriovenous fistula is a rare type of vascular malformation. If left untreated, these fistulas can result in significant neurological deficits secondary to spinal cord infarct or hemorrhage.

Case Presentation: A 70-year-old female with a longstanding history of episodic progressive bilateral lower extremity weakness and sensory disturbances was previously misdiagnosed with multiple sclerosis.

Delayed Tension Pneumocephalus following Gunshot Wound to the Head: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Tension pneumocephalus is a rare complication of head trauma and neurosurgical procedures, amongst other causes. It is defined by the combination of intracranial air, increased intracranial pressure, and mass effect. Although it often presents soon after surgery, it can also rarely present in a delayed fashion.

Spinal Cord Compression Secondary to Extramedullary Hematopoiesis: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) is a rare cause of spinal cord compression (SCC). EMH represents the growth of blood cells outside of the bone marrow and occurs in a variety of hematologic illnesses, including various types of anemia and myeloproliferative disorders. Although EMH usually occurs in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, it may also occur within the spinal canal.

Metastatic Mantle Cell Lymphoma to the Pituitary Gland: Case Report and Literature Review.

We present an unusual case of a metastatic mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) to the pituitary gland. The patient had a known history of MCL for which she previously received chemotherapy. She presented with new-onset diplopia and confusion, and reported a history of progressive vision blurriness associated with headache, nausea, and vomiting.