Diverse inhibitory projections from the cerebellar interposed nucleus.

The cerebellum consists of parallel circuit modules that contribute to diverse behaviors, spanning motor to cognitive. Recent work employing cell-type-specific tracing has identified circumscribed output channels of the cerebellar nuclei (CbN) that could confer tight functional specificity. These studies have largely focused on excitatory projections of the CbN, however, leaving open the question of whether inhibitory neurons also constitute multiple output modules.

Positive natural selection in primate genes of the type I interferon response.

Background: The Type I interferon response is an important first-line defense against viruses. In turn, viruses antagonize (i.e.