Fingerprint Raman spectroscopy for two-dimensional MoSSealloys.

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and alloys based on them, is a promising platform for creating opto- and nanoelectronic devices. For layered alloys, there is a strong need to theoretically determine the frequencies of vibrational modes and dependences of their energies on the stoichiometric composition. By comparing experimentally measured Raman modes with theoretical predictions, it becomes possible to determine the stoichiometric composition of the manufactured alloys.

Ultrafast Polarization Switching in BaTiO Nanomaterials: Combined Density Functional Theory and Coupled Oscillator Study.

The challenge of achieving ultrafast switching of electric polarization in ferroelectric materials remains unsolved as there is no experimental evidence of such switching to date. In this study, we developed an enhanced model that describes switching within a two-dimensional space of generalized coordinates at THz pulses. Our findings indicate that stable switching in barium titanate cannot be achieved through a single linearly polarized pulse.

US FDA public meeting: identification of concepts and terminology for multicomponent biomarkers.

The US FDA convened a virtual public workshop with the goals of obtaining feedback on the terminology needed for effective communication of multicomponent biomarkers and discussing the diverse use of biomarkers observed across the FDA and identifying common issues. The workshop included keynote and background presentations addressing the stated goals, followed by a series of case studies highlighting FDA-wide and external experience regarding the use of multicomponent biomarkers, which provided context for panel discussions focused on common themes, challenges and preferred terminology. The final panel discussion integrated the main concepts from the keynote, background presentations and case studies, laying a preliminary foundation to build consensus around the use and terminology of multicomponent biomarkers.

Resonant Excitation of the Ferroelectric Soft Mode by a Narrow-Band THz Pulse.

This study investigates the impact of narrow-band terahertz pulses on the ferroelectric order parameter in BaSrTiO films on various substrates. THz radiation in the range of 1-2 THz with the pulse width of about 0.15 THz was separated from a broadband pulse with the interference technique.

Terahertz wave rectification in a ferroelectric triglycine sulfate single crystal.

The effect of optical rectification (OR) in the terahertz range (THz rectification, TR) is experimentally demonstrated. The effect consists of generating a DC voltage on the faces of a ferroelectric triglycine sulfate (TGS) single crystal under the action of pulsed radiation with a frequency of 1.57 and 1.

Correction to "Terahertz Magnon-Polaritons in TmFeO".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b01402.

Formulation of smokeless tobacco products with a wide range of pH to study nicotine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

The rate of nicotine absorption from tobacco products is a determinant of addiction potential and other detrimental health effects. Oral nicotine bioavailability from moist snuff smokeless tobacco (ST) is influenced by nicotine content, pH, flavors, and tobacco cut. For use in a clinical study testing the effect of pH on nicotine pharmacokinetics, four investigational ST products that differed only in pH were produced.

Serum Concentrations of Cotinine and Trans-3'-Hydroxycotinine in US Adults: Results From Wave 1 (2013-2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study.

Introduction: The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study is a nationally representative cohort of tobacco product users and nonusers. The study's main purpose is to obtain longitudinal epidemiologic data on tobacco use and exposure among the US population.

Aims And Methods: Nicotine biomarkers-cotinine (COT) and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (HCT)-were measured in blood samples collected from adult daily tobacco users and nonusers during Wave 1 of the PATH Study (2013-2014; n = 5012; one sample per participant).

The pH of Smokeless Tobacco Determines Nicotine Buccal Absorption: Results of a Randomized Crossover Trial.

Nicotine absorption rate influences tobacco products' addictiveness. For smokeless tobacco, nicotine buccal absorption is associated with its free-base form; the pH of smokeless tobacco defines the proportion of free-base (i.e.

Increasing the Efficiency of a Spintronic THz Emitter Based on WSe/FeCo.

We report an increase in terahertz (THz) radiation efficiency due to FeCo/WSe structures in the reflection geometry. This can be attributed to an absorption increase in the alloy FeCo layer at the input FeCo/WSe interface due to constructive interference, as well as to the backward transport of hot carriers from FeCo to WSe. In contrast to the transmission geometry, the THz generation efficiency in the reflection is much less dependent on the magnetic layer thickness.

Systemic biomarkers of exposure associated with ENDS use: a scoping review.

Objective: This scoping review provides an overview of the existing literature on biomarkers of exposure from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use and identifies gaps in existing knowledge.

Data Sources: We searched two international databases (PubMed and Web of Science) to identify relevant studies published from August 2013 to February 2021.

Data Selection: Studies were included if they assessed and compared biomarkers of exposure between exclusive ENDS users, non-users, exclusive cigarette smokers, dual users of ENDS and cigarettes or cigarette smokers who switch to ENDS.

Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress among Adult Former Smoker, Current E-Cigarette Users-Results from Wave 1 PATH Study.

Background: Former smokers who currently use e-cigarettes have lower concentrations of biomarkers of tobacco toxicant exposure than current smokers. It is unclear whether tobacco toxicant exposure reductions may lead to health risk reductions.

Methods: We compared inflammatory biomarkers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL6, fibrinogen, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1) and an oxidative stress marker (F2-isoprostane) among 3,712 adult participants in Wave 1 (2013-2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study by tobacco user groups: dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes; former smokers who currently use e-cigarettes-only; current cigarette-only smokers; former smokers who do not currently use any tobacco; and never tobacco users.

Polarization control of THz emission using spin-reorientation transition in spintronic heterostructure.

Polarization of electromagnetic waves plays an extremely important role in interaction of radiation with matter. In particular, interaction of polarized waves with ordered matter strongly depends on orientation and symmetry of vibrations of chemical bonds in crystals. In quantum technologies, the polarization of photons is considered as a "degree of freedom", which is one of the main parameters that ensure efficient quantum computing.

Photoinduced spin dynamics in a uniaxial intermetallic heterostructure [Formula: see text].

Intermetallic heterostructures of rare-earth and transition metals exhibit physical properties prospective for various applications. These structures combine giant magnetostriction, controllable magnetic anisotropy, magneto-optical activity and allow spin reorientation transitions (SRT) induced by magnetic field at room temperature. Here, we present the results of a study of spin dynamics induced by ultrafast optical excitation in the [Formula: see text] heterostructure.

Ultrafast magnetization dynamics in the vicinity of spin reorientation transition in TbCo/FeCo heterostructures.

The magnetic moment dynamics excited by 35 fs laser pulses in TbCo/FeCo heterostructure is experimentally investigated by pump-probe technique. The studies are carried out in two typical geometries with magnetizing field perpendicular and along to the easy magnetization axis. In the 'easy axis' orientation, high-frequency oscillations of magnetic moments odd with respect to the sign of the magnetizing field are observed using the magneto-optical Kerr effect.

Transient Second Harmonic Generation Induced by Single Cycle THz pulses in BaSrTiO/MgO.

The ability to switch ferroics (magnets, ferroelectrics, multiferroics) between two stable bit states is the main principle of modern data storage technology. Due to many new ideas, originating from fundamental research during the last 50 years, this technology has developed in a breath-taking fashion. Ever increasing demands for faster and more energy efficient data storage strongly motivate fundamental studies of dynamics in ferroics triggered by ultrashort stimuli.

Terahertz Magnon-Polaritons in TmFeO.

Magnon-polaritons are shown to play a dominant role in the propagation of terahertz (THz) waves through TmFeO orthoferrite, if the frequencies of the waves are in the vicinity of the quasi-antiferromagnetic spin resonance mode. Both time-domain THz transmission and emission spectroscopies reveal clear beatings between two modes with frequencies slightly above and slightly below this resonance, respectively. Rigorous modeling of the interaction between the spins of TmFeO and the THz light shows that the frequencies correspond to the upper and lower magnon-polariton branches.

Biomarkers of Potential Harm: Summary of an FDA-Sponsored Public Workshop.

Introduction: Since 2009, the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) has had the authority to regulate the manufacture, distribution, and marketing of tobacco products in order to reduce the death and disease caused by tobacco use. Biomarkers could play an important role across a number of FDA regulatory activities, including assessing new and modified risk tobacco products and identifying and evaluating potential product standards.

Methods: On April 4-5, 2016, FDA/CTP hosted a public workshop focused on biomarkers of potential harm (BOPH) with participants from government, industry, academia, and other organizations.

THz Electric Field-Induced Second Harmonic Generation in Inorganic Ferroelectric.

Second Harmonic Generation induced by the electric field of a strong nearly single-cycle terahertz pulse with the peak amplitude of 300 kV/cm is studied in a classical inorganic ferroelectric thin film of (BaSr)TiO. The dependences of the SHG intensity on the polarization of the incoming light is revealed and interpreted in terms of electric polarization induced in the plane of the film. As the THz pulse pumps the medium in the range of phononic excitations, the induced polarization is explained as a dynamical change of the ferrolectric order parameter.

Clinical pharmacology research strategy for dissolvable tobacco products.

Introduction: Dissolvable tobacco products (DTPs) are relatively new to the market. Some researchers and manufacturers describe them as finely ground tobacco that has been compressed into sticks, strips, and orbs that dissolve or disintegrate in the mouth and do not require spitting. While the pharmacokinetic profiles of nicotine and other tobacco-associated compounds and pharmacological effects of these products are complex, their clinical pharmacology has not been systematically evaluated.

Structural transition in peptide nanotubes.

Phase transitions in organic and inorganic materials are well-studied classical phenomena, where a change in the crystal space group symmetry induces a wide variation of physical properties, permitted by the crystalline symmetry in each phase. Here we observe a conformational induced transition in bioinspired peptide nanotubes (PNTs). We found that the PNTs change their original molecular assembly from a linear peptide conformation to a cyclic one, followed by a change of the nanocrystalline structure from a noncentrosymmetric hexagonal space group to a centrosymmetric orthorhombic space group.

Controlled growth of metallic inverse opals by electrodeposition.

The kinetics of nickel electrodeposition through a template of ordered polystyrene spheres is addressed experimentally and applied to prepare a series of metallic inverse opals with a non-integer number of layers. The observed layer-by-layer growth is discussed in terms of subsequently increasing disorder of the growth front. Reflection and transmission spectra of the samples demonstrate that the key optical features of these photonic crystals are most pronounced when the thickness does not essentially exceed two layers.

Ultrastructural features of the tegumental surface of a new metacercaria, Nematostrigea sp. (Trematoda: Strigeidae), with a search for potential taxonomically informative characters.

The tegumental surface of a new strigeid metacercaria, Nematostrigea sp., which is a parasite of the freshwater fish Channa gachua (Hamilton) in central Vietnam, is described for the first time using scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. In addition to the general tegumental surface in various parts of the body, details of the surface of the suckers, lappets and holdfast organ are presented, as are variations in the form and distribution of the body spines.

Co-adsorbtion of Cu and Keggin type polytungstates on polycrystalline Pt: interplay of atomic and molecular UPD.

Second harmonic generation (SHG), electrochemical quartz microbalance (EQCM), and cyclic voltammetry are applied to clarify the structure and properties of Cu adlayers formed in the presence of Keggin polytungstate anions. For 0.02-10 mM CuSO4 solutions, no pronounced suppression of underpotential copper deposition (Cu UPD) by 0.