SPEI and SPI correlation in the study of drought phenomena in Umbria region (central Italy).

This study aims to analyze the performances and correlation of the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and standardized precipitation evaporation index (SPEI) from the perspective of supplying effective indicators for drought risk management prevention. Indices have been evaluated using long time series of precipitation and temperature data (from 1961 to 2020) gauged and validated in the land monitoring system of the Umbria region (central Italy). Results show how SPEI can evaluate better the drought phenomena, both in terms of occurred events and in terms of trends.

Assessment of -Damaged Kernels in Common Wheat in Romania in the Years 2015 and 2016 with Extreme Weather Events.

This article assesses the occurrence of -damaged kernels (FDKs) in common wheat () under the influence of environmental factors and extreme weather events in Romania (exceptionally high air temperatures and extreme pedological drought produced by a dipole block in summer 2015, and extreme precipitation and floods produced by an omega block in spring 2016). Wheat samples ( = 272) were analyzed for FDKs via visual estimation and manual weighing according to ISO 7970 and are statistically evaluated using SPSS. The dipole block in 2015 reduced the effects of environmental factors to non-significant correlations with FDKs, while the omega block in 2016 was non-significantly to very significantly correlated with FDKs in the northwestern and western regions.

Deoxynivalenol Occurrence in Triticale Crops in Romania during the 2012-2014 Period with Extreme Weather Events.

This article aims to evaluate deoxynivalenol occurrence in triticale crops in Romania in years with extreme weather events (2012: Siberian anticyclone with cold waves and heavy snowfall; 2013 and 2014: "Vb" cyclones with heavy precipitation and floods in spring). The deoxynivalenol level in triticale samples ( = 236) was quantified by ELISA. In Romania, the extreme weather events favoured deoxynivalenol occurrence in triticale in Transylvania and the southern hilly area (44-47°N, 22-25°E) with a humid/balanced-humid temperate continental climate, luvisols and high/very high risk of floods.

Post-Harvest Contamination with Mycotoxins in the Context of the Geographic and Agroclimatic Conditions in Romania.

This study aimed to assess post-harvest contamination with mycotoxins in the context of the geographic and agroclimatic conditions in Romania in 2012⁻2015, a period that was characterized by extreme meteorological events and the effects of climate change. The samples were randomly sampled from five agricultural regions of Romania and analyzed for mycotoxins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An SPSS analysis was done to explore correlations between mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol-DON, aflatoxins-AF, ochratoxin A-OTA, zearalenone-ZEA), product types (raw cereal, processed cereal, cereal-based food), geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude, agricultural region), and agroclimatic factors (air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture reserve, aridity index, soil type).

Chemical characteristics and source analysis on ionic composition of rainwater collected in the Carpathians "Cold Pole," Ciuc basin, Eastern Carpathians, Romania.

A study of precipitation chemistry was conducted for 11 years (01 January 2006-31 December 2016) in the Ciuc basin, Eastern Carpathians, Romania. The studied area is an enclosed basin, also called "the Carpathians cold pole." All collected samples were analyzed for major cations and anions.