Salivary Transmembrane Mucins of the MUC1 Family (CA 15-3, CA 27.29, MCA) in Breast Cancer: The Effect of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2).

The MUC1 family of transmembrane glycoproteins (CA 15-3, CA 27.29, MCA) is aberrantly expressed among patients with breast cancer. : to measure the level of degradation products of MUC1, including CA 15-3, CA 27.

Salivary Metabolites in Breast Cancer and Fibroadenomas: Focus on Menopausal Status and BMI.

Unlabelled: This study of the features of the biochemical composition of biological fluids in patients with breast cancer, including saliva, allows us to identify some indicators as metabolic predictors of the presence of the disease.

Objectives: to study the influence of the menopause factor and body mass index (BMI) on the biochemical composition of saliva and to evaluate the applicability of metabolic markers of saliva for the diagnosis of breast cancer.

Methods: The case-control study involved 1438 people (breast cancer, = 543; fibroadenomas, = 597; control, = 298).

Salivary Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: From Salivaomics to Salivaoncoomics.

Saliva is a promising biological fluid for the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases, including breast cancer. To study the composition of saliva, a complex of "omics" technologies is used: genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and microbiomics. In this review, we systematized all known "omics" in their application to saliva analysis in breast cancer in order to understand how complete the picture is provided by the combination of different areas of research and to identify missing links.

The Role of Salivary Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Cytokines, and Amino Acids in Immunomodulation and Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer.

In this work, we focused on the analysis of VEGF content in saliva and its relationship with pro-inflammatory cytokines and amino acids involved in immunomodulation and angiogenesis in breast cancer. The study included 230 breast cancer patients, 92 patients with benign breast disease, and 59 healthy controls. Before treatment, saliva samples were obtained from all participants, and the content of VEGF and cytokines in saliva was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, as well as the content of amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Salivary Tryptophan as a Metabolic Marker of HER2-Negative Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer.

Changes in the concentration of tryptophan (Trp) indicate a serious metabolic restructuring, which is both a cause and a consequence of many diseases. This work examines the upward change in salivary Trp concentrations among patients with breast cancer. This study involved volunteers divided into three groups: breast cancer (n = 104), non-malignant breast pathologies (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 20).

Oxidative Stress in Breast Cancer: A Biochemical Map of Reactive Oxygen Species Production.

This review systematizes information about the metabolic features of breast cancer directly related to oxidative stress. It has been shown those redox changes occur at all levels and affect many regulatory systems in the human body. The features of the biochemical processes occurring in breast cancer are described, ranging from nonspecific, at first glance, and strictly biochemical to hormone-induced reactions, genetic and epigenetic regulation, which allows for a broader and deeper understanding of the principles of oncogenesis, as well as maintaining the viability of cancer cells in the mammary gland.

The Role of Amino Acids in Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Mechanisms in Cancer: A Review.

Currently, the antioxidant properties of amino acids and their role in the physicochemical processes accompanying oxidative stress in cancer remain unclear. Cancer cells are known to extensively uptake amino acids, which are used as an energy source, antioxidant precursors that reduce oxidative stress in cancer, and as regulators of inhibiting or inducing tumor cell-associated gene expression. This review examines nine amino acids (Cys, His, Phe, Met, Trp, Tyr, Pro, Arg, Lys), which play a key role in the non-enzymatic oxidative process in various cancers.