Multiligament stifle injury, a multicenter retrospective study in 26 dogs.

Objectives: To describe multiligament stifle injury in dogs and report complications and long-term outcomes.

Methods: Medical records of dogs surgically treated for multiligament stifle injury were reviewed from six veterinary hospitals. Long-term follow-up was collected from referring veterinarians.

Analysis of feline humeral fracture morphology and a comparison of fracture repair stabilisation methods: 101 cases (2009-2020).

Objectives: The aims of this study were to describe the type, presentation and prognostic factors of feline humeral fractures over a 10-year period and to compare three stabilisation systems for feline humeral diaphyseal fractures.

Methods: In total, 101 cats with humeral fractures presenting to seven UK referral centres between 2009 and 2020 were reviewed. Data collected included signalment, weight at the time of surgery, fracture aetiology, preoperative presentation, fixation method, surgical details, perioperative management and follow-up examinations.

Traumatic stifle injury in 72 cats: a multicentre retrospective study.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to describe traumatic stifle injury in cats and report complications and long-term outcome.

Methods: The medical records from seven veterinary hospitals of cats treated for traumatic stifle injury were reviewed. Long-term follow-up data were collected from referring veterinarians and using the Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index, collected from owners.

Management of severe stifle trauma: 2. Periarticular fractures.

Practical Relevance: Periarticular stifle fractures are uncommon but challenging injuries to treat. There may be concurrent damage to the ligaments and stabilising structures of the stifle joint itself, which should also be evaluated (see Part 1 of this article series). Improved knowledge of the fixation options and biomechanical challenges of these injuries will aid clinical decision-making and effective repair.

Management of severe stifle trauma: 1. Stifle luxation.

Practical Relevance: Traumatic stifle joint luxation is an uncommon but severe injury. There is usually rupture of several stabilising structures of the joint including the cruciate ligaments, collateral ligaments, joint capsule and menisci. Successful management of this condition requires good anatomical knowledge and repair or replacement of all damaged structures to achieve adequate joint reduction and stability.

Nanoscale Coatings for Ultralow Dose BMP-2-Driven Regeneration of Critical-Sized Bone Defects.

While new biomaterials for regenerative therapies are being reported in the literature, clinical translation is slow. Some existing regenerative approaches rely on high doses of growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in bone regeneration, which can cause serious side effects. An ultralow-dose growth factor technology is described yielding high bioactivity based on a simple polymer, poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA), and mechanisms to drive stem cell differentiation and bone regeneration in a critical-sized murine defect model with translation to a clinical veterinary setting are reported.

Repeatability of quantitative sensory testing in healthy cats in a clinical setting with comparison to cats with osteoarthritis.

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the repeatability of quantitative sensory tests (QSTs) in a group of healthy untrained cats (n = 14) and to compare the results with those from cats with osteoarthritis (n = 7). Methods Peak vertical force (PVF) and vertical impulse were measured on a pressure plate system. Thermal sensitivity was assessed using a temperature-controlled plate at 7°C and 40°C.

Evaluation of osteotomy accuracy and rotational and angular alignment for cranial closing wedge ostectomy performed with and without alignment aids.

Objective: To (1) investigate the use of K-wires as alignment aids for cranial closing wedge ostectomy (CCWO) and (2) evaluate their effect on osteotomy accuracy and angular/rotational alignment.

Study Design: Cadaveric study.

Animals: Cadaveric pelvic limbs (n = 20).

A retrospective analysis of urethral rupture in 63 cats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the short- and long-term morbidity and mortality associated with urethral rupture in cats. Medical records were reviewed from four veterinary hospitals. Diagnosis was made from retrograde urethrography or direct visualisation during surgery.

Tumor-primed human natural killer cells lyse NK-resistant tumor targets: evidence of a two-stage process in resting NK cell activation.

NK cells are defined as those cells that lyse tumor cells without priming. In this study, we show that the preincubation of resting human NK cells with the leukemia cell CTV-1 primes NK cells to lyse NK-resistant cell lines, primary leukemias, and solid tumors even when HLA-matched, allogeneic or autologous. The primed NK cells remained nonresponsive to HLA-C matched and mismatched normal mononuclear cells from multiple donors.

Ligation of CD8alpha on human natural killer cells prevents activation-induced apoptosis and enhances cytolytic activity.

It has been previously shown that the subset of human natural killer (NK) cells which express CD8 in a homodimeric alpha/alpha form are more cytotoxic than their CD8- counterparts but the mechanisms behind this differential cytolytic activity remained unknown. Target cell lysis by CD8- NK cells is associated with high levels of effector cell apoptosis, which is in contrast to the significantly lower levels found in the CD8alpha+ cells after lysis of the same targets. We report that cross-linking of the CD8alpha chains on NK cells induces rapid rises in intracellular Ca2+ and increased expression of CD69 at the cell surface by initiating the influx of extracellular Ca2+ ions.

Geldanamycin and herbimycin A induce apoptotic killing of B chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and augment the cells' sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs.

We studied the actions of geldanamycin (GA) and herbimycin A (HMA), inhibitors of the chaperone proteins Hsp90 and GRP94, on B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells in vitro. Both drugs induced apoptosis of the majority of CLL isolates studied. Whereas exposure to 4-hour pulses of 30 to 100 nM GA killed normal B lymphocytes and CLL cells with similar dose responses, T lymphocytes from healthy donors as well as those present in the CLL isolates were relatively resistant.