The evidence for placental microbiome and its composition in healthy pregnancies: A systematic review.

Objective: To assess the available scientific evidence regarding the placental microbial composition of a healthy pregnancy, the quality of this evidence, and the potential relation between placental and oral microbiome.

Materials And Methods: Data sources: MEDLINE and EMBASE up to August 1, 2019.

Study Eligibility Criteria: Human subjects; healthy women; term deliveries; healthy normal birth weight; assessment of microorganisms (bacteria) in placental tissue; full research papers in English.

Comparing periodontitis biomarkers in saliva, oral rinse and gingival crevicular fluid: A pilot study.

Aim: To explore the feasibility of screening for periodontitis by measuring biomarkers, namely total proteolytic activity (TPA), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, chitinase, lysozyme or their combination, in saliva, oral rinse and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF).

Material And Methods: Subjects were recruited among healthy/gingivitis individuals and untreated periodontitis patients in Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA). All participants donated samples of unstimulated whole saliva, oral rinse and GCF.

Dentistry and OMICS: Transcriptome Dynamics of an Oral Ecosystem as Measured by Changes in Oral Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils in Experimental Gingivitis.

Oral health and dentistry are essential components of systems medicine, which has received lesser attention in comparison to other medical fields, such as cancer biology. In this context, oral polymorphonuclear neutrophils (oPMNs) play an important role in the maintenance of oral health. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report original observations on the transcriptional responses of oPMNs during experimentally induced gingivitis, by temporarily refraining from regular oral care.

Periodontal therapy increases neutrophil extracellular trap degradation.

In periodontitis, polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) are activated. They entrap and eliminate pathogens by releasing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Abnormal NET degradation is part of a pro-inflammatory status, affecting co-morbidities such as cardiovascular disease.

The Possible Role of Neutrophils in the Induction of Osteoclastogenesis.

The ligand of the receptor activator of NF-B (RANKL) is a key molecule in the formation of osteoclasts, the key cells that cause the disease-associated alveolar bone resorption in periodontitis. We hypothesized that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), found as the most prominent cells of inflamed periodontal tissues, could play an important role in providing signals to trigger osteoclastogenesis and thus activating pathological bone resorption in periodontitis. RANKL expression was investigated on circulatory PMNs (cPMNs) and oral PMNs (oPMNs) taken from both controls and periodontitis patients.

A rapid, non-invasive tool for periodontitis screening in a medical care setting.

Background: Since periodontitis is bi-directionally associated with several systemic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, it is important for medical professionals in a non-dental setting to be able examine their patients for symptoms of periodontitis, and urge them to visit a dentist if necessary. However, they often lack the time, knowledge and resources to do so. We aim to develop and assess "quick and easy" screening tools for periodontitis, based on self-reported oral health (SROH), demographics and/or salivary biomarkers, intended for use by medical professionals in a non-dental setting.

Oral Neutrophils Characterized: Chemotactic, Phagocytic, and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Formation Properties.

Maintenance of oral health is in part managed by the immune-surveillance and antimicrobial functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), which migrate from the circulatory system through the oral mucosal tissues as oral PMNs (oPMNs). In any microorganism-rich ecosystem, such as the oral cavity, PMNs migrate toward various exogenous chemoattractants, phagocytose bacteria, and produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to immobilize and eliminate pathogens. PMNs obtained from the circulation through venipuncture (hereafter called cPMNs) have been widely studied using various functional assays.

Oral Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Contributes to Oral Health.

Purpose Of Review: Oral health is maintained in a dynamic equilibrium between the host immunity and the oral microbiome. Oral polymorphonuclear neutrophils (oPMNs) are important innate immune cells in the oral cavity.

Recent Findings: The oPMNs play a co-controlling part in the maintenance of oral equilibrium.

Characterization of oral polymorphonuclear neutrophils in periodontitis patients: a case-control study.

Background: Maintaining oral health is a continuous and dynamic process that also involves the immune system. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) migrate from blood circulation and become apparent in the oral fluid. Controversies exist regarding the specific role of the oral PMNs (oPMNs) in the presence of chronic oral inflammation, such as periodontitis.

Survival, Retention, and Selective Proliferation of Lymphocytes Is Mediated by Gingival Fibroblasts.

Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium, is characterized by osteoclast-mediated alveolar bone destruction. Gingival fibroblasts (GFs) present in the bone-lining mucosa have the capacity to activate the formation of osteoclasts, but little is known about which local immune cells (co-)mediate this process. The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular interactions of GFs with immune cells, including the contribution of GFs to osteoclast formation and their possible role in the proliferation of these immune cells.

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil integrity and functionality are preserved when exposed to saliva.

Objective: Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are the most abundant innate immune cells and are also important effectors in the maintenance of oral health. However, little is known about the effects of saliva on the PMN. We therefore aimed to investigate the effect of saliva on the PMNs' morphology and functioning.

Emerging Concepts in the Resolution of Periodontal Inflammation: A Role for Resolvin E1.

Inflammatory response is a protective biological process intended to eliminate the harmful effect of the insulting influx. Resolution of inflammation constitutes an active sequence of overlapping events mediated by specialized proresolving mediators, such as lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins, which originate from the enzymatic conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). An unresolved acute inflammatory response results in chronic inflammation, which is a leading cause of several common pathological conditions.

Genes Critical for Developing Periodontitis: Lessons from Mouse Models.

Since the etiology of periodontitis in humans is not fully understood, genetic mouse models may pinpoint indispensable genes for optimal immunological protection of the periodontium against tissue destruction. This review describes the current knowledge of genes that are involved for a proper maintenance of a healthy periodontium in mice. Null mutations of genes required for leukocyte cell-cell recognition and extravasation (e.

Impaired polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the oral cavity of edentulous individuals.

Oral health is characterized by functional oral polymorphonuclear neutrophils (oPMNs). Edentulism might be associated with a loss of oPMNs because these cells enter the oral cavity primarily through the gingival crevices. The main aim of this study was to investigate the numbers of oPMNs in rinse samples obtained from edentulous (n = 21) and dentate (n = 20) subjects.

Reduced platelet hyper-reactivity and platelet-leukocyte aggregation after periodontal therapy.

Background: Platelets from untreated periodontitis patients are hyper-reactive and form more platelet-leukocyte complexes compared to cells from individuals without periodontitis. It is not known whether the improvement of the periodontal condition achievable by therapy has beneficial effects on the platelet function. We aimed to assess the effects of periodontal therapy on platelet reactivity.

On the ecosystemic network of saliva in healthy young adults.

A dysbiotic state is believed to be a key factor in the onset of oral disease. Although oral diseases have been studied for decades, our understanding of oral health, the boundaries of a healthy oral ecosystem and ecological shift toward dysbiosis is still limited. Here, we present the ecobiological heterogeneity of the salivary ecosystem and relations between the salivary microbiome, salivary metabolome and host-related biochemical salivary parameters in 268 healthy adults after overnight fasting.

Oral polymorphonuclear neutrophil characteristics in relation to oral health: a cross-sectional, observational clinical study.

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) have a major role in the innate immune system. However, little is known about PMN contribution in relation to oral health. The objective of this study was to investigate the numbers and functional characteristics of oral PMNs (oPMNs) compared with circulatory PMNs (cPMNs).

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils in periodontitis and their possible modulation as a therapeutic approach.

The main focus of this review is polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils play a pivotal role in normal host resistance to subgingival dental-plaque biofilm. Both hyper- and hypo-responsiveness of the immune system toward the microbial challenge in periodontitis have been described.

Acquiring and maintaining a normal oral microbiome: current perspective.

The oral microbiota survives daily physical and chemical perturbations from the intake of food and personal hygiene measures, resulting in a long-term stable microbiome. Biological properties that confer stability in the microbiome are important for the prevention of dysbiosis-a microbial shift toward a disease, e.g.

RCT comparing implants with turned and anodically oxidized surfaces: a pilot study, a 3-year follow-up.

Aim: This 3-year prospective randomized controlled trial compared the clinical, microbiological and biochemical outcome of minimally (Turned, Tur) and moderately rough (TiUnite(®) , TiU) implant surfaces in a split-mouth design.

Material And Methods: The study population included 14 subjects: nine fully edentulous and five partially edentulous subjects with a history of periodontitis. Implants (n = 78, 39 Tur and 39 TiU) were installed randomly in each patient.

Association of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels against two periodontal pathogens and prothrombotic state: a clinical pilot study.

Objective: Periodontitis is associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In our previous studies a prothrombotic state has been observed in periodontitis, which contributes to the risk of CVD. The aim of this study was to investigate whether serum IgG levels against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) in periodontitis were associated with a prothrombotic state.

Soluble CD14 in periodontitis.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binds to soluble (s)CD14. We investigated which factors contribute to variations in sCD14 levels in periodontitis, a chronic infectious disease of tooth-supporting tissues associated with endotoxemia and leading to inflammation and subsequently loss of teeth. The sCD14 levels were determined by ELISA in healthy controls (n=57) and untreated patients (59 moderate and 46 severe) and their relation with markers of systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein levels, and leukocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts) was assessed.

Periodontitis is associated with platelet activation.

There is an epidemiological association between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). In periodontitis, low grade systemic inflammation and bacteremia occur regularly. Such events may contribute to platelet activation and subsequent pro-coagulant state.