BTNL8, a butyrophilin-like molecule that costimulates the primary immune response.

The role of the B7 family molecules in the regulation of the immune response is well documented. A large body of experimental evidence indicates that costimulatory molecules such as B7-1, B7-2, B7-DC, B7-H1, B7-H2, B7-H3 and B7-H4 are critical for initiation, maintenance and down-regulation of the immune response. However the immunological function of butyrophilin (BTN)-like molecules, which are a part of the expanded B7 family, is not known.

TULA: an SH3- and UBA-containing protein that binds to c-Cbl and ubiquitin.

Downregulation of protein tyrosine kinases is a major function of the multidomain protein c-Cbl. This effect of c-Cbl is critical for both negative regulation of normal physiological stimuli and suppression of cellular transformation. In spite of the apparent importance of these effects of c-Cbl, their own regulation is poorly understood.