Evaluation of antimicrobial effect of Malaysian geopropolis with against to be used as an intracanal medicament in endodontics.

Introduction: can be found in failed endodontic treatment (FET) even after performing primary endodontic treatment (PET). Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)) cannot fully eliminate this microorganism during PET. Brazilian green propolis (bee glue) was found to be more effective against when compared to Ca(OH).

Influence of light and laser activation of tooth bleaching systems on enamel microhardness and surface roughness.

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of light and laser activation of in-office tooth bleaching systems on enamel microhardness and surface roughness.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-five enamel slabs were divided into three treatment groups: light-activated bleaching, laser-activated bleaching, and control. The baseline data were recorded for enamel microhardness (Vickers microhardness [VMH]) and surface roughness (Roughness average, Ra).