Clamping of indirectly cryogenically cooled X-ray optics is required to ensure effective heat transfer between the optic and heat exchanger. However, clamping forces can result in distortion of the optical surface of monochromators and mirror systems, which causes angular distortions of the subsequent beam. As such, there is a need for greater understanding of how these optics are assembled and how this affects their performance throughout their life cycle.
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