Common airborne fungi induce species-specific effects on upper airway inflammatory and remodelling responses.

Objective: Whilst the exact cause of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains elusive, it is clear that both inflammation and remodelling are key disease processes. Environmental fungi have been linked to airway inflammation in CRS; however, their role in the pathogenesis of this condition remains controversial. The current consensus suggests that whilst fungi may not be directly causative, it is likely that CRS patients have deficits in their innate and potentially acquired immunity, which in turn may modify their ability to react to fungi.

Treatment of breast adenocarcinoma metastasis to the neck: dedifferentiation of the tumor as suggested by hormone markers.

Background: Breast carcinoma rarely metastasizes to the neck, and its management in this area is controversial. There is little published data about whether hormone receptor status changes between primary breast tumors and neck metastasis and whether this influences management.

Methods: We evaluated the demographics and treatment of 13 patients presenting with neck metastasis.