Far from the walking pace. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of the suboptimal locomotion speeds in non-adult humans.

Introduction: Locomotion activities are part of most human daily tasks and are the basis for subsistence activities, particularly for hunter-gatherers. Therefore, differences in speed walking-related variables may have an effect, not only on the mobility of the group, but also on its composition. Some anthropometric parameters related to body length could affect walking speed-related variables and contribute to different human behaviors.

Validity of predictive equations for total energy expenditure against doubly labeled water.

Variations in physical activity energy expenditure can make accurate prediction of total energy expenditure (TEE) challenging. The purpose of the present study was to determine the accuracy of available equations to predict TEE in individuals varying in physical activity (PA) levels. TEE was measured by DLW in 56 adults varying in PA levels which were monitored by accelerometry.

A Randomized Trial of Healthy Weight Gain in Athletic Individuals.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of a 10-wk diet and exercise regimen designed to promote healthy weight gain with excess energy from peanut-containing or high-carbohydrate foods.

Methods: Nineteen male and 13 female athletes were randomly assigned to receive an additional 500 kcal·d -1 above typical intake through provision of either peanut-based whole foods/snacks (PNT group) or a similar, high-carbohydrate, peanut-free snack (CHO group) along with supervised, whole-body RT (3 d·wk -1 for 60-120 min). Body composition was assessed by dual-energyx-ray absorptiometry at baseline and postintervention.

Validation of predictive equations to estimate resting metabolic rate of females and males across different activity levels.

Objectives: Using equations to predict resting metabolic rate (RMR) has yielded different degrees of validity, particularly when sex and different physical activity levels were considered. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the validity of several different predictive equations to estimate RMR in female and male adults with varying physical activity levels.

Method: We measured the RMR of 50 adults (26 females and 24 males) evenly distributed through activity levels varying from sedentary to ultra-endurance.

Short-term changes in added sugar consumption by adolescents reflected in the carbon isotope ratio of fingerstick blood.

Background: Consumption of added sugars (AS) and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) may adversely affect adolescents' weight and cardiovascular disease risk. Reliance on self-reported dietary assessment methods is a common research limitation, which could be overcome by dietary intake biomarkers.

Aim: The investigation was a proof-of-concept study to evaluate the proposed carbon isotope ratio (δC) biomarker of AS intake in adolescents, using a controlled feeding design.

Resistance training is associated with spontaneous changes in aerobic physical activity but not overall diet quality in adults with prediabetes.

Background: Aerobic exercise interventions have been shown to result in alterations to dietary intake and non-exercise physical activity (PA). To date, the ability for resistance training (RT) to influence other health-related behaviors has not been examined. This study aimed to determine if initiation and maintenance of RT is associated with spontaneous changes in dietary quality and non-RT PA in adults with prediabetes.

Resist diabetes: A randomized clinical trial for resistance training maintenance in adults with prediabetes.

Objective: To determine whether a social cognitive theory (SCT)-based intervention improves resistance training (RT) maintenance and strength, and reduces prediabetes prevalence.

Research Design And Methods: Sedentary, overweight/obese (BMI: 25-39.9 kg/m2) adults aged 50-69 (N = 170) with prediabetes participated in the 15-month trial.

Psychosocial mediators of a theory-based resistance training maintenance intervention for prediabetic adults.

Objective: Examine psychosocial mediators of the effects of high vs. low-dose resistance training (RT) maintenance interventions among older (ages 50-69), overweight and pre-diabetic adults.

Design: Participants (N = 123) completed a three-month supervised RT initiation phase and were subsequently randomised (time 1) to high or low-dose six-month unsupervised RT maintenance interventions (time 2), followed by a six-month no-contact phase (time 3).

Prediabetes Phenotype Influences Improvements in Glucose Homeostasis with Resistance Training.

Purpose: To determine if prediabetes phenotype influences improvements in glucose homeostasis with resistance training (RT).

Methods: Older, overweight individuals with prediabetes (n = 159; aged 60±5 yrs; BMI 33±4 kg/m2) completed a supervised RT program twice per week for 12 weeks. Body weight and composition, strength, fasting plasma glucose, 2-hr oral glucose tolerance, and Matsuda-Defronza estimated insulin sensitivity index (ISI) were assessed before and after the intervention.

Theory-based approach for maintaining resistance training in older adults with prediabetes: adherence, barriers, self-regulation strategies, treatment fidelity, costs.

Effectively preventing and treating chronic diseases through health behavior changes often require intensive theory- and evidence-based intervention including long-term maintenance components. We assessed the efficacy of theory-based maintenance approaches varying by dose for persistently performing resistance training (RT) with the hypothesis that a higher-dose social cognitive theory (SCT) approach would produce greater RT adherence than lower-dose Standard. The Resist-Diabetes study first established 2×/week resistance training (RT) in a 3-month supervised intervention in older (50-69 years, N = 170), overweight to obese (BMI 25-39.

Angiotensin II receptor blockade and skeletal muscle metabolism in overweight and obese adults with elevated blood pressure.

Objectives: Whether angiotensin II receptor blockade improves skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation in overweight and obese humans is unknown. The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that the angiotensin II receptor blocker, olmesartan, would increase fatty acid oxidation and the activity of enzymes associated with oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle of overweight and obese humans.

Methods: A total of 12 individuals (6 men and 6 women) aged 18-75 and with a body mass index ⩾25 kg/m2 were assigned to olmesartan or placebo for 8 weeks in a crossover fashion.

Using response variation to develop more effective, personalized behavioral medicine?: evidence from the Resist Diabetes study.

Health behavior interventions have achieved some notable outcomes through generally higher dose interventions with intensive initial phases and long-term, faded contact maintenance phases with attention to mean changes and adherence rates. Interventions may be improved by shifting attention to the very large response variation that is typical for such protocols as exercise with non-, low, moderate, and high responders and even those who show adverse responses. Data from the Resist Diabetes study, which included adults (N = 159, ages 50-69 years) with prediabetes who were overweight or obese (BMI 25-39.

Questionnaires for outcome expectancy, self-regulation, and behavioral expectation for resistance training among young-old adults: development and preliminary validity.

The purpose of the present research was to develop questionnaires to assess outcome expectancy for resistance training (RT), behavioral expectation in the context of perceived barriers to RT, and self-regulation strategies for RT among young-old adults (50-69 years). Measurement development included (a) item generation through elicitation interviews (N = 14) and open-ended questionnaires (N = 56), (b) expert feedback on a preliminary draft of the questionnaires (N = 4), and (c) a quantitative longitudinal study for item-reduction and psychometric analyses (N = 94). Elicitation procedures, expert feedback, and item reduction yielded four questionnaires with a total of 33 items.

The resist diabetes trial: Rationale, design, and methods of a hybrid efficacy/effectiveness intervention trial for resistance training maintenance to improve glucose homeostasis in older prediabetic adults.

Advancing age is associated with reduced levels of physical activity, increased body weight and fat, decreased lean body mass, and a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Resistance training (RT) increases muscle strength and lean body mass, and reduces risk of T2D among older adults. The Resist Diabetes trial will determine if a social cognitive theory (SCT)-based intervention improves RT maintenance in older, prediabetic adults, using a hybrid efficacy/effectiveness approach.

Angiotensin II receptor blockade and insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese adults with elevated blood pressure.

We tested the hypothesis that olmesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) devoid of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist activity, would improve whole-body insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese individuals with elevated blood pressure (BP). Sixteen individuals (8 women, 8 men; age=49.5 ± 2.

Arterial destiffening with weight loss in overweight and obese middle-aged and older adults.

We tested the hypothesis that weight loss via a hypocaloric diet would reduce arterial stiffness in overweight and obese middle-aged and older adults. Thirty-six individuals were randomly assigned to a weight loss (n=25; age: 61.2+/-0.

Femoral artery diameter and arteriogenic cytokines in healthy women.

Animal studies have identified monocyte chemoattractive protein-1 (MCP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as critical mediators of arterial diameter enlargement in response to chronic increases in blood flow (arteriogenesis). Furthermore, cellular studies have shown that the shear stresses resulting from increased blood flow stimulate synthesis of MCP-1, which in turn stimulates synthesis of VEGF. The purpose of this study was to determine if these mechanisms are evident in healthy women.

Repeated-bout exercise in the heat in young athletes: physiological strain and perceptual responses.

A short recovery period between same-day competitions is common practice in organized youth sports. We hypothesized that young athletes will experience an increase in physiological strain and perceptual discomfort during a second identical exercise bout in the heat, with 1 h (21 degrees C) between bouts, even with ample hydration. Twenty-four athletes (6 boys and 6 girls: 12-13 yr old, 47.

Leptin, blood pressure, and aerobic capacity in women.

Background: In animals, the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin induces increased blood pressure centrally via the hypothalamus, and one study has reported that exercise training decreases hypothalamic leptin receptor expression. In humans, high circulating leptin concentrations are associated with high blood pressure, but the possible influence of physical activity or aerobic capacity on this association is unknown.

Methods: Forty-two healthy women, 25-40 years of age, with diverse ranges of body fatness and aerobic capacities, were studied under basal resting conditions.