Effect of Low-intensity Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Response Inhibition of Adults With Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Introduction: Response inhibition is an impaired cognitive function in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) individuals. This primary deficit during the cancelation of an intended movement is observed even in the minimal demanding cognitive tasks. Studies have shown that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), especially on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), can improve response inhibition.

The stress-induced antinociceptive responses to the persistent inflammatory pain involve the orexin receptors in the nucleus accumbens.

Stress suppresses the sense of pain, a physiological phenomenon known as stress-induced analgesia (SIA). Brain orexin peptides regulate many physiological functions, including wakefulness and nociception. The contribution of the orexinergic system within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in the modulation of antinociception induced by forced swim stress (FSS) remains unclear.

Hypocretin/orexin system in the nucleus accumbens as a promising player in the extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine-induced CPP.

One of the main obstacles in treating psychostimulant addiction is relapse even after long-term abstinence. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is located in the basal forebrain, responsible for regulating several behaviors, specifically reward-related effect of psychostimulants. In the current study, an unbiased place conditioning paradigm was performed to inquire the role of the hypocretin/orexin system in the NAc in the extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine (Meth)-induced conditioned place preference (CPP).

Differential Roles of Intra-accumbal Orexin Receptors in Acquisition and Expression of Methamphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in the Rats.

A large amount of document has revealed that the orexin system in the reward circuity, including the nucleus accumbens (NAc), contributes to the modification of drug reinforcement. It has proven that the orexin receptors (OXRs) are expressed on dopamine terminals in the NAc; therefore, it can modulate reward-related behaviors. In the present study, the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm was used to evaluate the role of OXRs in the NAc in the acquisition and expression of methamphetamine (METH)-induced CPP.