Lying about money and game points by men and women and its relation to the Self-Reported Lying Scale.

Introduction: The present study was designed to examine the effect of monetary and non-monetary endowment on lying by men and women in the Ultimatum Game. Another goal was to examine to what extent the Self-Reported Lying Scale (SRLS), described here for the first time, predicts lying in the Ultimatum Game.

Methods: Examinees (162, 82 women) were allocated to four experimental conditions in a 2 × 2 factorial design.

Lying to Police Officers in the Ultimatum Game: An Experimental Study With Israeli Samples.

Two studies examined lying, fair sharing, and trust of Israeli police officers and laypeople to police and non-police target persons in the Ultimatum Game. Participants aimed to retain as many resources as possible in a sharing situation. To this end, they could conceal resources from the target person.

People lie less when they put on a medical face mask.

The current study examined how a face mask people wore during the COVID-19 pandemic affects frequent lying and successful telling and detecting lies and truths in a face-to-face deception task. Participants were psychology students who acted as senders and receivers of true and false communications under three conditions: visible face, wearing a face mask, and blindfolding in addition to the face mask. Participants arrived in groups of eight.

Face-to-Face Lying: Gender and Motivation to Deceive.

Two studies examined gender differences in lying when the truth-telling bias prevailed (study 1) and when inspiring lying and disbelief (study 2). The first study used 156 community participants (91 women) in pairs. First, participants completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, the Lie- and Truth Ability Assessment Scale (LTAAS), and the Rational-Experiential Inventory.

The relations between deception, narcissism and self-assessed lie- and truth-related abilities.

Seventy undergraduate students completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and the Lie- and Truth Ability Assessment Scale. They were then asked to share 100 points with an anonymous fellow student who was unaware of the amount of points designated for distribution. Participants were asked to allocate points to the other student bearing in mind that the transaction will be completed only if the other party accepts their offer.

Frequent Countermeasure Usage by Narcissistic Examinees in the Concealed Information Test.

Narcissistic dimensions and self-assessed lie and truth-telling and detecting abilities were used to predict deliberate attempts to influence the outcomes of the Concealed Information polygraph Test. In this study, which used a fabricated murder scenario, 241 examinees were randomly allocated to four experimental conditions in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Two guilt conditions (guilty and innocent) were crossed with two countermeasures conditions (with or without countermeasure instructions).

Extracting critical information from group members' partial knowledge using the Searching Concealed Information Test.

The Concealed Information Test (CIT) is a psychophysiological method designed to detect information that an individual cannot or does not wish to reveal. The present study used a version of the CIT, the Searching Concealed Information Test (SCIT), to extract information from partial information that participants possessed on a planned jailbreak. In the first experiment, 52 undergraduate students were randomly, but not equally, allocated into 15 different clusters of partial knowledge.

Contributions of personality dimensions to spontaneous and deliberate information processing in the guilty actions test.

The contribution of the Big-Five personality dimensions and locus of control to examinees' physiological responses in the Concealed Information polygraph Test (CIT) was examined for the first time. One hundred and twenty undergraduate students who completed Big Five personality and locus of control questionnaires were instructed to commit a mock theft. They were subsequently tested in the Guilty Actions polygraph Test, a modified version of the CIT.

Effects of perceived efficacy and prospect of success on detection in the Guilty Actions Test.

Two experiments were conducted in order to examine factors that might influence the motivation of guilty and informed innocent examinees to either cope or cooperate with the Guilty Actions Test. Guilty participants committed a mock-crime and informed innocent participants handled the critical items of the crime in an innocent context. In Experiment 1 the participants were led to believe that the prospects of being found innocent on the test were either high or low.

Reviving the discussion on the rationale underlying the Comparison Question Test.

There has been a long-standing debate around the rationale underlying the Comparison Question Test, which assumes that guilty suspects will have consistently larger responses to crime-related (relevant) than to general emotional (comparison) questions, whereas innocent suspects will show the opposite pattern of responding. This debate largely came to a close when the National Research Academy (2003 ) concluded that "The theoretical rationale for the polygraph is quite weak, especially in terms of differential fear, arousal, or other emotional states that are triggered in response to relevant or comparison questions" (p. 213).

Cognitive and emotional aspects of polygraph diagnostic procedures: a comment on Palmatier and Rovner (2015).

Palmatier and Rovner (2015) suggested that the Preliminary Process Theory (PPT) is a plausible theoretical account for explaining the rationale underlying two major polygraph tests, the Comparison Question Test (CQT) and the Concealed Information Test (CIT). To support their suggestion they claimed that both tests detect deception while relying on orienting responses. This approach is critically discussed.

Differences in the readiness of guilty and informed innocent examinees to cooperate on the Guilty Action Test.

A mock crime experiment was designed in which 100 participants were randomly assigned to five conditions: four experimental conditions in a 2 × 2 factorial design (two guilt conditions-guilty or informed innocents, crossed with two incentive level conditions-with or without a promised reward for proving innocence), and one control condition of uninformed innocents. Along with the common dependent polygraph measures, attitudes towards cooperating with the test were assessed. Results indicated that the informed innocents preferred to cooperate whereas guilty participants preferred to try and obstruct the test.

Effects of goal- and task-oriented motivation in the guilty action test.

The present study examined the effectiveness of the Guilty Action Test in detecting critical information from goal-oriented and task-oriented informed innocent examinees. A mock crime procedure was employed and informed innocent participants were either motivated to prove innocence (goal-oriented motivation) or to prove innocence by being cooperative on the test (task-oriented motivation). Half of the participants in each motivation condition were promised course credit reward for successful completion of their mission to prove innocence or to be cooperative (high incentive level).

Effects of coping and cooperative instructions on guilty and informed innocents' physiological responses to concealed information.

Previous research on the Concealed Information Test indicates that knowledge of the critical information of a given event is sufficient for the elicitation of strong physiological reactions, thus facilitating detection by the test. Other factors that affect the test's efficacy are deceptive verbal responses to the test's questions and motivation of guilty examinees to avoid detection. In the present study effects of coping and cooperative instructions - delivered to guilty and innocent participants - on detection were examined.

Effects of incomplete information on the detection of concealed crime details.

The accuracy of the Concealed Information Test in correct classification of informed guilty and informed innocent participants was assessed when the explicitness of the obtained information varied. For these purposes, a mock crime procedure was employed and participants were randomly assigned to six conditions formed by combinations of two levels of the state of guilt (guilty and innocent) and three levels of information completeness (exact, indicative, non-specific). As expected, informed guilty participants were more accurately detected than informed innocents.

Effects of anchoring and adjustment in the evaluation of product pricing.

Anchoring and adjustment comprise a heuristic that creates expectations. Two types of anchors were applied on participants' evaluation of products: the price reference of the product (maximum, minimum, or no price reference) and the context in which the products were evaluated (the prestige of the shopping center). Results showed that both factors anchored evaluations of products' value.

Truth bias and regression toward the mean phenomenon in detecting deception.

A 2009 study by Masip, et al. contended that the truth bias appears in brief communications. They demonstrated a strong truth bias when truth-lie judgments were made at the beginning of the judged statement.

Lie-detection biases among male police interrogators, prisoners, and laypersons.

Beliefs of 28 male police interrogators, 30 male prisoners, and 30 male laypersons about their skill in detecting lies and truths told by others, and in telling lies and truths convincingly themselves, were compared. As predicted, police interrogators overestimated their lie-detection skills. In fact, they were affected by stereotypical beliefs about verbal and nonverbal cues to deception.

Effects of perceived reliability and generalization of crime-related information on detection in the concealed information test.

The accuracy of the Concealed Information Test (CIT) in detecting information concealed by informed innocent participants was assessed under varying levels of probability that the obtained information is related to the crime and is therefore correct. For this purpose, 64 participants were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions that were formed by probability levels that the gathered information is correct and is related to the crime. Either absolutely correct (100% correct), highly correct (80%, correct), highly incorrect (20% correct) or totally incorrect (0%, correct) conditions were created.

Countering countermeasures in the concealed information test using covert respiration measures.

The effects of physical and mental countermeasures on the accuracy of the concealed information test (CIT) were examined in a mock crime experiment with 64 participants. To combat countermeasures, two covert respiration measures, hidden in the seat and back of the examination chair, were used in addition to the standard physiological measures (SCR, FPWL, RLL). Some guilty participants were trained to use either physical or mental countermeasures and apply them to distort the outcomes of the CIT.

Effects of context and state of guilt on the detection of concealed crime information.

The effects of the state of guilt and the context in which critical information was received on the accuracy of the Concealed Information Test (CIT) were examined in a between-subjects mock crime experiment. 100 participants were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions and one control condition. The experimental conditions were created using a 2 x 2 factorial design (two conditions of the context in which the crime-related details were collected - crime context or neutral context, crossed with two guilt conditions - accomplices or innocents).

Covert respiration measures for the detection of concealed information.

A mock-theft experiment was designed to assess the efficiency of two covert respiration measures in detection of concealed information. The covert measures were further compared with three standard measures typically used for the detection of concealed knowledge (electrodermal, respiration and finger pulse measures). Results revealed that the covert respiration measures produced good discrimination between "guilty" (participants possessing concealed knowledge) and "innocent" participants.

Finger pulse waveform length in the detection of concealed information.

An attempt was made to assess the efficiency of the finger pulse waveform length (FPWL), in detection of concealed information. For this purpose, two mock-theft experiments were designed. In the first, 40 guilty participants were examined while electrodermal, respiration and finger pulse volume were recorded.

Appropriate presentation of skin conductance accuracy with the Guilty Knowledge Test.

It was suggested that, when the Guilty Knowledge Test uses two repetitions, these should be combined showing the contribution of the second repetition to the accuracy of the first. Also recommended were effect size statistics in addition to accuracy rates.