Natural history of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding in hemodialysis patients: A dual-center long-term cohort study.

Background And Aim: Knowledge on the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in hemodialysis patients is limited. We evaluated the risk of GI bleeding in hemodialysis patients compared with non-hemodialysis patients.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study from 1996 to 2017 at the Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, and Horinouchi Hospital.