Preparation of Tenuifolin from L. Root Using a Hydrolytic Continuous Flow System under High-Temperature, High-Pressure Conditions.

An improved process for preparing tenuifolin (presenegenin 3-β-d-glucopyranoside) from the root of L. was developed. A crude saponin mixture extracted from was subjected to hydrolysis, and the reactivity of compounds in the extract was controlled by utilizing the combination of a flow reactor and experimental design.

Synthesis of Bisdesmosidic Oleanolic Acid Saponins via a Glycosylation-Deprotection Sequence under Continuous Microfluidic/Batch Conditions.

We report the first synthesis of a series of bisdesmosidic oleanolic acid saponins using microflow reactor Comet X-01 via a continuous flow glycosylation-batch deprotection sequence. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) The microfluidic glycosylation of oleanolic acid at C-28 was achieved in quantitative yield and was applied to the synthesis of six C-28-monoglycosidic saponins. (2) The microfluidic glycosylation of oleanolic acid at C-3 was achieved in good yield without orthoester byproduct formation and was applied to the synthesis of three bisdesmosidic saponins.

Regio- and stereoselective β-mannosylation using a boronic acid catalyst and its application in the synthesis of a tetrasaccharide repeating unit of lipopolysaccharide derived from E. coli O75.

Regio- and stereoselective β-mannosylations using 1,2-anhydromannose and diol sugar acceptors in the presence of a boronic acid catalyst proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding β-mannosides with high regio- and β-stereoselectivities in high yields without further additives under mild conditions. In addition, this glycosylation method was applied successfully to the synthesis of a tetrasaccharide repeating unit of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from E. coli O75.

Syntheses and mucosal adjuvant activity of simplified oleanolic acid saponins possessing cinnamoyl ester.

A series of new simplified oleanolic acid saponins with a glycosyl ester moiety at C28, were efficiently prepared. Furthermore, the effect of nasal administration of the synthetic oleanolic acid saponins on the nasal anti-influenza virus antibody titer against secondary nasal inoculation of the influenza split vaccine was examined. The result revealed cinnamoyl saponin as a suitable candidate vaccine adjuvant.

A target-controlled infusion system with bispectral index monitoring of propofol sedation during endoscopic submucosal dissection.

Background And Study Aims: Propofol administration via a target-controlled infusion system with bispectral index monitoring (BIS/TCI system) is expected to prevent complications from sedation during complex and long endoscopic procedures. We evaluated the feasibility of setting the BIS/TCI system for non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol (NAAP) during endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD).

Patients And Methods: From May 2009 to February 2013, 250 patients with esophagogastric neoplasms were treated with ESD using the BIS/TCI system with NAAP.

Glycosylation of a newly functionalized orthoester derivative.

Tandem glycosylation of the 6-O-Fmoc-substituted benzyl orthoester derivative 2a was carried out in moderate yields by electrogenerated acid (EGA). The Fmoc group was effectively removed under mild basic conditions, and the product was submitted to the subsequent glycosylation.

Is presence or history of extracolonic primary malignancy a risk for colorectal neoplasia? An analysis of patients who underwent colonoscopy.

Whether presence or history of extracolonic primary malignancy is a risk for colorectal neoplasia is not fully known. In this study, 26,452 first-time colonoscopy cases were examined using a colonoscopy database. Among the analyzed subjects, 3,026 (11%) subjects had history or concomitance of extracolonic primary malignancy, while the remaining 23,426 subjects did not.

Development of glycosylation using the glucopyranose 1,2-orthobenzoate under electrochemical conditions.

Substituted glucopyranose 1,2-orthobenzoate undergoes β-selective glycosylation. The developed orthobenzoate derivative was stable under standard workup conditions and efficiently provided a variety of glycosides by EGA (electrogenerated acid), produced by anodic oxidation of cyclohexanol. Upon comparison with Lewis and Brønsted acids, EGA superiorly affected activation of the orthoester to afford desired glycosides possessing such aglycons as sugars, steroids, and adamantanes.

Externalization of saw-tooth architecture in small serrated polyps implies the presence of methylation of IGFBP7.

Introduction: Serrated polyps have been considered to be precursors of colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability. However, the biological and/or morphological changes which occur during the course of serrated polyp to cancer remain to be elucidated.

Methods: Twenty-eight colorectal serrated polyps including five mixed polyps (MP) from 20 patients were observed by chromoendoscopy with magnification, and subsequently resected endoscopically.

Detectability of colorectal neoplasia with fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT).

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the detectability of colorectal neoplasia with fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT).

Methods: Data for a total of 492 patients who had undergone both PET/CT and colonoscopy were analyzed. After the findings of PET/CT and colonoscopy were determined independently, the results were compared in each of the six colonic sites examined in all patients.

DNA methylation of colon mucosa in ulcerative colitis patients: correlation with inflammatory status.

Background: Although DNA methylation of colonic mucosa in ulcerative colitis (UC) has been suggested, the majority of published reports indicate the correlation between methylation of colon mucosa and occurrence of UC-related dysplasia or cancer without considering the mucosal inflammatory status. The aim of this study was to verify whether mucosal inflammation-specific DNA methylation occurs in the colon of UC.

Methods: Of 15 gene loci initially screened, six loci (ABCB1, CDH1, ESR1, GDNF, HPP1, and MYOD1) methylated in colon mucosa of UC were analyzed according to inflammatory status using samples from 28 surgically resected UC patients.

Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection for elderly patients at least 80 years of age.

Background: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been used recently for successful en bloc resection of even large lesions, although no consensus appears in medical literature concerning its application to elderly patients. This prospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of colorectal ESD for patients 80 years of age or older.

Methods: Colorectal ESD procedure findings were compared with clinical outcomes, including associated complications and mortalities, for two age groups totaling 196 consecutive patients with 202 colorectal lesions.

Analysis of K-ras, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations in laterally-spreading tumors of the colorectum.

Background And Aims: Laterally-spreading tumors (LST) are a newly-recognized category of colorectal neoplasia, and are defined as lesions larger than 10 mm in diameter and extending circumferentially rather than vertically. However, genetic features of this new category of tumors are not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate genetic alterations in LST.

Serum folate and homocysteine levels are associated with colon tumorigenesis in end-stage renal disease patients.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of folate and homocysteine on colon tumorigenesis by performing colonoscopy and examining serum folate and homocysteine levels in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. We performed colonoscopy in 72 ESRD patients who were undergoing hemodialysis and also measured their serum folate and homocysteine levels. Serum folate and homocysteine concentrations of the 72 ESRD patients were 6.

The presence of large serrated polyps increases risk for colorectal cancer.

Background & Aims: There is evidence that serrated polyps (serrated adenomas and hyperplastic polyps) have different malignant potential than traditional adenomas. We used a colonoscopy database to determine the association between the presence of serrated colorectal polyps and colorectal neoplasia.

Methods: We performed a multicenter observational study of 10,199 subjects who underwent first-time colonoscopies.

Advantages of using thin endoscope-assisted endoscopic submucosal dissection technique for large colorectal tumors.

Background: Our purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of a newly developed non-invasive traction technique known as thin endoscope-assisted endoscopic submucosal dissection (TEA-ESD) procedure for the removal of colorectal laterally spreading tumors (LST).

Patients And Methods: A total of 37 LST located in the rectum and distal sigmoid colons of 37 patients were eligible for outcome analysis. Twenty-one LST were treated with TEA-ESD and were then retrospectively compared to 16 LST that had previously been treated with standard ESD.

Improved catalytic and stereoselective glycosylation with glycosyl N-trichloroacetylcarbamate: application to various 1-hydroxy sugars.

Efficient catalytic and stereoselective glycosylation was achieved by activating a glycosyl N-trichloroacetylcarbamate with a catalytic amount of Lewis acid in the presence of a glycosyl acceptor and 5A molecular sieves. Catalytic one-pot dehydrative glycosylation of a 1-hydroxy carbohydrate was achieved stereoselectively by reaction with trichloroacetyl isocyanate, followed by activation with a catalytic amount of activators.

A case of hepatic angiomyolipoma difficult to distinguish from hepatocellular carcinoma.

We report a case of hepatic angiomyolipoma with uncommon clinical features. A 56-year-old man presented with a hepatic tumor in the caudate lobe. The tumor was hypoechoic on ultrasonography, showed early-phase hyperattenuation on enhanced computed tomography and did not absorb iron on superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.

Methylation of estrogen receptor 1 in colorectal adenomas is not age-dependent, but is correlated with K-ras mutation.

The promoter region of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) has been shown to be methylated in normal colorectal mucosa in an age-dependent manner. However, the methylation of this region in colorectal tumors has not sufficiently been investigated. The methylation status of ESR1 in 105 colorectal adenoma tissues was examined by MethyLight and presented as the percentage of methylated references (PMR).

[Case of primary malignant lymphoma of the liver treated by R-CHOP therapy].

A 75-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of right hypochondralgia. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a large tumor in the right lobe of the liver. Ultrasonography (US) showed vessels in the tumor.

Partial splenic embolization prior to combination therapy of interferon and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C patients with thrombocytopenia.

Aim: A low platelet count leads to dose reduction of interferon (IFN) and is associated with failure to achieve a sustained virological response (SVR) in chronic hepatitis C patients. However, partial splenic embolization (PSE) is effective for treating thrombocytopenia resulting from hypersplenism.

Methods: We compared the clinical features of 10 patients receiving PSE prior to the combination therapy of IFN and ribavirin (RBV) (PSE group) with those of 10 non-receiving PSE patients (non-PSE group).

[Case report of asymptomatic arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the pancreas; diagnostic advantage of three-dimensional computed tomography].

A 72-year-old man with diabetes mellitus and hypertension was admitted for further examination and therapy of diabetes. In order to evaluate his pancreas, abdominal computed tomography (CT) was performed, showing a space-occupying lesion (SOL) in the pancreatic uncus. He did not show any symptoms related to the pancreas or gastro intestinal tract.

Design, synthesis, and biological activities of madindoline analogues.

A research program is under way to develop a series of madindoline-based inhibitors targeting interleukin 6. Such inhibitors will have potential use in fighting a variety of diseases for which no effective therapeutic drugs currently exist. Madindoline is no longer available from natural sources.