Effect of titanium oxide/reduced graphene (TiO/rGO) addition onto water flux and reverse salt diffusion thin-film nanocomposite forward osmosis membranes.

Thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) forward osmosis (FO) membranes have attracted significant attention due to their potential for solving global water scarcity problems. In this study, we investigate the impact of titanium oxide (TiO) and titanium oxide/reduced graphene (TiO/rGO) additions on the performance of TFN-FO membranes, specifically focusing on water flux and reverse salt diffusion. Membranes with varying concentrations of TiO and TiO/rGO were fabricated as interfacial polymerizing M-phenylenediamine (MPD) and benzenetricarbonyl tricholoride (TMC) monomers with TiO and its reduced graphene composites (TiO/rGO).