A New Method to Measure Ocular Surface Sensitivity: Repeatability and Reproducibility of the Liquid Jet Esthesiometer.

Objectives: To assess the reliability of the liquid jet esthesiometer (LJA) for measurement of corneal sensitivity.

Methods: Two separate studies were conducted to assess intrasession repeatability (study 1) and intersession reproducibility (study 2) of corneal sensitivity measured using the LJA. Thirty participants (13 female and 17 male participants, age 23±6 years) participated in study 1 and another 30 (18 female and 12 male participants, 35±10 years) participated in study 2.

Rapid 3D printing of unlayered, tough epoxy-alcohol resins with late gel points dual-color curing technology.

Additive manufacturing technologies and, in particular, vat photopolymerization promise complex structures that can be made in a fast and easy fashion for highly individualized products. While the technology has upheld this promise many times already, some polymers are still out of reach or at least problematic to print reliably. High-performance epoxide-based resins, which are regulated by chain transfer multifunctional alcohols, are a typical example of resins with late gel points, which require long irradiation times and high light intensities to print.

Decellularized Extracellular Matrix and Polyurethane Vascular Grafts Have Positive Effects on the Inflammatory and Pro-Thrombotic State of Aged Endothelial Cells.

In vitro assessment of small-diameter synthetic vascular grafts usually uses standard cell culture conditions with early-passage cells. However, these conduits are mainly implanted in elderly patients and are subject to complex cellular interactions influenced by age and inflammation. Understanding these factors is central to the development of vascular grafts tailored to the specific needs of patients.

Corneal hypersensitivity to cold stimuli in symptomatic computer users.

Significance: Prolonged computer use may result in repeated stimulation of the ocular surface due to ocular dryness, potentially leading to alterations in its sensitivity.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between ocular symptoms and corneal sensitivity to cold and mechanical stimuli in computer users.

Methods: Fifty-two young (31 ± 6 years), frequent computer users, including symptomatic and asymptomatic users, participated in this study.

Visual performance of optical films utilizing Spatio-Temporal Optical Phase technology.

Significance: Spatio-Temporal Optical Phase technology utilizes film pairs containing optical elements applied to standard single-vision spectacle lenses. This technology provides a dynamic optical cue that may have efficacy in reducing the rate of myopia progression, but the visual performance of this technology is unknown.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the visual performance of film pairs containing optical elements (tests) and a film pair with no optical elements (control).

From Unregulated Networks to Designed Microstructures: Introducing Heterogeneity at Different Length Scales in Photopolymers for Additive Manufacturing.

Photopolymers have been optimized as protective and decorative coating materials for decades. However, with the rise of additive manufacturing technologies, vat photopolymerization has unlocked the use of photopolymers for three-dimensional objects with new material requirements. Thus, the originally highly cross-linked, amorphous architecture of photopolymers cannot match the expectations for modern materials anymore, revealing the largely unanswered question of how diverse properties can be achieved in photopolymers.

Colorful 3D Printing: A Critical Feasibility Analysis of Multi-Wavelength Additive Manufacturing.

Employing two colors of light to 3D print objects holds potential for accessing advanced printing modes, such as the generation of multi-material objects from a single print. Thus, dual-wavelength-driven photoreactive systems (reactions that require or utilize two wavelengths) and their exploitation as chemo-technological solutions for additive manufacturing technologies have experienced considerable development over the last few years. Such systems saw an increase in printing speeds, a decrease in resolution thresholds, and─perhaps most importantly─the actual generation of multi-material objects.

Cooperative Network Formation via Two-Colour Light-Activated λ-Orthogonal Chromophores.

Independently addressing photoreactive sites within one molecule with two colours of light is a formidable challenge. Here, we combine two sequence independent λ-orthogonal chromophores in one heterotelechelic dilinker molecule, to exploit their disparate reactivity utilizing the same reaction partner, a maleimide-containing polymer. We demonstrate that polymer network formation only proceeds if two colours of light are employed.

Chromatic dispersion of soft contact lens materials.

Purpose: To investigate and evaluate the chromatic dispersion of various hydrogel and silicon hydrogel contact lens materials.

Methods: Eighteen different soft contact lens materials with high and low water content in lens power of -1.00 DS were measured by one operator at temperature of 20 °C ± 0.

Biodegradable, Self-Reinforcing Vascular Grafts for In Situ Tissue Engineering Approaches.

Clinically available small-diameter synthetic vascular grafts (SDVGs) have unsatisfactory patency rates due to impaired graft healing. Therefore, autologous implants are still the gold standard for small vessel replacement. Bioresorbable SDVGs may be an alternative, but many polymers have inadequate biomechanical properties that lead to graft failure.

Two Functions from a Single Photoresist: Tuning Microstructure Degradability from Light-Stabilized Dynamic Materials.

A photoresist-based on a light-stabilized dynamic material driven by an out-of-equilibrium photo-Diels-Alder reaction of triazolinediones with naphthalenes-whose ability to intrinsically degrade postprinting can be tuned by a simple adjustment of laser intensity during 3D laser lithography is introduced. The resist's ability to form stable networks under green light irradiation that degrade in the dark is transformed into a tunable degradable 3D printing material platform. In-depth characterization of the printed microstructures via atomic force microscopy before and during degradation reveals the high dependency of the final structures' properties on the writing parameters.

Translating Clinical Outcomes to Patient Value Through Use of the Periodontal Risk Score: An Evidence-Based Treatment Approach.

Periodontitis is a chronic, multifactorial inflammatory disease characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus. Determining tooth prognosis is of central importance in clinical practice to help both the clinician and patient understand the risks and benefits of treatment while shedding light on the patient's long-term periodontal prognosis and aiding in the development of an individualized treatment plan. Several indexing-type systems have been proposed for determining the prognosis of periodontally involved teeth.

Visual Performance and Binocular/Accommodative Function of S.T.O.P. Contact Lenses Compared With MiSight.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare the visual performance and binocular/accommodative function of two novel S.T.O.

Thermal expansion of free volume in "classic" and regulated dimethacrylates: photocured directly and a mask to study pillar formation.

The temperature dependence of free volume in dimethacrylates (poly2M), cured by direct irradiation (poly2M-A) or a mask (poly2M-B), and in a thiol-based 2M sample (poly2M--EDDT), was investigated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and dilatometry (DIL) to study the influence of thiol regulation on the microstructure free volume characteristics. It was found that the free volume fraction as determined from experimental data by using the standard spherical approach for the hole shapes showed systematic differences from the analogous quantity as evaluated from the lattice-hole theory. Much better results were obtained for cylindrical holes, which expand 'anisotropically' in poly2M samples and 'isotropically' in the poly2M--EDDT resin.

Wavelength Orthogonal Photodynamic Networks.

The ability of light to remotely control the properties of soft matter materials in a dynamic fashion has fascinated material scientists and photochemists for decades. However, only recently has our ability to map photochemical reactivity in a finely wavelength resolved fashion allowed for different colors of light to independently control the material properties of polymer networks with high precision, driven by monochromatic irradiation enabling orthogonal reaction control. The current concept article highlights the progress in visible light-induced photochemistry and explores how it has enabled the design of polymer networks with dynamically adjustable properties.

Temperature affects the biomechanical response of in vitro non-human primate lenses during lens stretching.

Purpose: To determine the effect of temperature on the accommodative response of non-human primate crystalline lenses during simulated accommodation.

Methods: Eight lenses from 7 cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis, ages: 4.5-7.

From space group to space groupoid: the partial symmetry of low-temperature E-vanillyl oxime.

The phase transition of E-vanillyl oxime {1-[(E)-(hydroxyimino)methyl]-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene, CHNO} has been analysed by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction. The high-temperature (HT) phase (P2/a, Z' = 1) transforms into the low-temperature (LT) phase (threefold superstructure, P\overline{1}, Z' = 6) at ca 190 K. The point operations lost on cooling, {m, 2}, are retained as twin operations and constitute the twin law.

Refractive index of soft contact lens materials measured in packaging solution and standard phosphate buffered saline and the effect on back vertex power calculation.

Purpose: To measure the refractive index (RI) of commonly available soft contact lens (CL) materials, their packaging solutions and compare to the manufacturers' nominal RI. The relationship between RI versus water content, and the effect of inaccurate RI when converting lens power measured in solution to in-air back vertex power were examined.

Methods: The RI of 18 single vision soft CL materials were measured using CLR 12-70 digital refractometer.

Hard Block Degradable Polycarbonate Urethanes: Promising Biomaterials for Electrospun Vascular Prostheses.

We report biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethanes for soft tissue engineering applications, where frequently used carboxylic acid ester degradation motifs were substituted with carbonate moieties to achieve superior degradation properties. While the use of carbonates in soft blocks has been reported, their use in hard blocks of thermoplastic polyurethanes is unprecedented. Soft blocks consist of poly(hexamethylene carbonate), and hard blocks combine hexamethylene diisocyanate with the newly synthesized cleavable carbonate chain extender bis(3-hydroxypropylene)carbonate (BHPC), mimicking the motif of poly(trimethylene carbonate) with highly regarded degradation properties.

Myopia control with novel central and peripheral plus contact lenses and extended depth of focus contact lenses: 2 year results from a randomised clinical trial.

Purpose: We aimed to determine myopia control efficacy with novel contact lenses (CL) that (1) reduced both central and peripheral defocus, and (2) provided extended depth of focus with better global retinal image quality for points on, and anterior to, the retina and degraded for points posterior to the retina.

Methods: Children (n = 508, 8-13 years) with cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) -0.75 to -3.

Photochemical Synthesis of ,,-1,2,3,4-Tetrakis(diphenylphosphanyl)buta-1,3-diene and Its Metal Coordination.

The new bis(bidentate) tetraphosphane ,,-1,2,3,4-tetrakis(diphenylphosphanyl)buta-1,3-diene (dppbd) () was obtained by applying a photochemical synthetic protocol. The key step of the photochemical reaction consisted of an intramolecular [2+2] cycloaddition involving a C-C double and triple bond of the Pt-dimer species of the formula [PtCl(dppa)(-dppen)] () {dppa = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)acetylene and dppen = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethene} leading to [PtCl(dppbd)] (). The asymmetrically bridged precursor complex was obtained by combinatorial chemistry.