Real-world effects of antidepressants for depressive disorder in primary care: population-based cohort study.

Background: Antidepressants' effects are established in randomised controlled trials (RCTs), but not in the real world.

Aims: To investigate real-world comparative effects of antidepressants for depression and compare them with RCTs.

Method: We performed a cohort study based on the QResearch database.

Diabetes and the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality among older adults: an individual participant data analysis of five prospective studies.

Background: Guidelines and studies provide conflicting information on whether type 2 diabetes (T2D) should be considered a coronary heart disease risk (CHD) equivalent in older adults.

Methods: We synthesized participant-level data on 82,723 individuals aged ≥65 years from five prospective studies in two-stage meta-analyses. We estimated multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of T2D (presence versus absence) on a primary composite outcome defined as cardiovascular events or all-cause mortality.

Developing clinical prediction models: a step-by-step guide.

Predicting future outcomes of patients is essential to clinical practice, with many prediction models published each year. Empirical evidence suggests that published studies often have severe methodological limitations, which undermine their usefulness. This article presents a step-by-step guide to help researchers develop and evaluate a clinical prediction model.

Initial treatment choices for long-term remission of chronic insomnia disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Background: We aimed to evaluate the comparative efficacy and acceptability of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), pharmacotherapy, and their combination in the long and short terms among adults with chronic insomnia disorder.

Methods: We searched multiple databases to December 27, 2023. We included trials in hypnotic-free adults with chronic insomnia comparing at least two of CBT-I, pharmacotherapy, or their combination.

Evaluating individualized treatment effect predictions: A model-based perspective on discrimination and calibration assessment.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the prediction of individualized treatment effects. While there is a rapidly growing literature on the development of such models, there is little literature on the evaluation of their performance. In this paper, we aim to facilitate the validation of prediction models for individualized treatment effects.

Risk Factors for Falls Among Hospitalized Medical Patients - A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objective: To identify and quantify risk factors for in-hospital falls in medical patients.

Data Sources: Six databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, and Google Scholar) were systematically screened until April 11, 2023, to identify relevant articles.

Study Selection: All titles and abstracts of the retrieved articles were independently screened by 2 researchers who also read the full texts of the remaining articles.

Comparative physiological effects of antipsychotic drugs in children and young people: a network meta-analysis.

Background: The degree of physiological responses to individual antipsychotic drugs is unclear in children and adolescents. With network meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate the effects of various antipsychotic medications on physiological variables in children and adolescents with neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions.

Methods: For this network meta-analysis, we searched Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus from database inception until Dec 22, 2023, and included randomised controlled trials comparing antipsychotics with placebo in children or adolescents younger than 18 years with any neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental condition.

Meta-analysis of the prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in prison: A comment on Fazel and Favril (2024) and reanalysis of the data.

Background: Fazel and Favril presented a reanalysis of our previously published systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in prison.

Aims: The current paper addresses some of the criticisms of Fazel and Favril on our meta-analysis and presents a reanalysis of the data, focusing on adult detained persons.

Methods: We conducted a meta-regression on 28 studies (n = 7710) to estimae the pooled prevalence of ADHD.

Comparative Efficacy and Acceptability of Treatment Strategies for Antipsychotic-Induced Akathisia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.

Background: Antipsychotics are the treatment of choice for schizophrenia, but they often induce akathisia. However, comparative efficacy of treatment strategies for akathisia remains unclear.

Design: We performed a systematic review and network meta-analyses (PROSPERO CRD42023450720).

The impact of continuity correction methods in Cochrane reviews with single-zero trials with rare events: A meta-epidemiological study.

Meta-analyses examining dichotomous outcomes often include single-zero studies, where no events occur in intervention or control groups. These pose challenges, and several methods have been proposed to address them. A fixed continuity correction method has been shown to bias estimates, but it is frequently used because sometimes software (e.

Combining endpoint and change data did not affect the summary standardised mean difference in pairwise and network meta-analyses: An empirical study in depression.

When studies use different scales to measure continuous outcomes, standardised mean differences (SMD) are required to meta-analyse the data. However, outcomes are often reported as endpoint or change from baseline scores. Combining corresponding SMDs can be problematic and available guidance advises against this practice.

Effect of dairy consumption on cognition in older adults: A population-based cohort study.

Objective: We aimed to assess the effect on cognitive function of adding dairy (total, fermented, non-fermented, full fat, low fat, and sugary) to the diet and of substituting some food groups for dairy.

Design: Secondary analysis of a prospective population-based cohort study.

Participants: We analyzed data from 1334 cognitively healthy participants (median age 67 years at baseline) with a mean follow-up of 5.

Lipid-Lowering Therapy and Risk of Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: There is debate over whether statins increase risk of hemorrhagic stroke, so we assessed current evidence, including data from new statin trials and trials of nonstatin low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)- and triglyceride-lowering therapies.

Methods And Results: We performed a systematic review of large randomized clinical trials (≥1000 patients with ≥2 years follow-up) of LDL-C-lowering therapy (statin, ezetimibe, and PCSK-9 [proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9] inhibitor) and triglyceride-lowering therapy (omega-3 supplements and fibrate) that reported hemorrhagic stroke as an outcome. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library up to July 2, 2021 and updated a meta-analysis of cardiovascular statin trials published in 2012.

Efficacy and effectiveness of antipsychotics in schizophrenia: network meta-analyses combining evidence from randomised controlled trials and real-world data.

Background: There is debate about the generalisability of results from randomised clinical trials (RCTs) to real-world settings. Studying outcomes of treatments for schizophrenia can shed light on this issue and inform treatment guidelines. We therefore compared the efficacy and effectiveness of antipsychotics for relapse prevention in schizophrenia and estimated overall treatment effects using all available RCT and real-world evidence.

Multiple imputation of incomplete multilevel data using Heckman selection models.

Missing data is a common problem in medical research, and is commonly addressed using multiple imputation. Although traditional imputation methods allow for valid statistical inference when data are missing at random (MAR), their implementation is problematic when the presence of missingness depends on unobserved variables, that is, the data are missing not at random (MNAR). Unfortunately, this MNAR situation is rather common, in observational studies, registries and other sources of real-world data.

A systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the relationship between metabolic syndrome and the incidence of thyroid diseases.

Purpose: To assess the prospective association between metabolic syndrome (MetS), its components, and incidence of thyroid disorders by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods: A systematic search was performed in Ovid Medline, Embase.com, and Cochrane CENTRAL from inception to February 22, 2023.

External validation of the Dat'AIDS score: A risk score for predicting 5-year overall mortality in people living with HIV aged 60 years or older.

Objective: To perform an external validation of the Dat'AIDS score for predicting 5-year overall mortality among people with HIV (PWH) aged 60 years or older.

Methods: This was a multi-centre prospective cohort study at all sites participating in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS). We calculated the Dat'AIDS score in PWH aged 60 years or older at their first visit between 1 January 2015 and 1 January 2020.

Predicting outcomes at the individual patient level: what is the best method?

Objective: When developing prediction models, researchers commonly employ a single model which uses all the available data ( approach). Alternatively, a approach has been previously proposed, in which patients with similar clinical characteristics are first grouped into clusters, then prediction models are developed within each cluster. The potential advantage of the similarity-based approach is that it may better address heterogeneity in patient characteristics.