The Role of Pericytes in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Murine Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome that is most commonly triggered by infection-related inflammation. Lung pericytes can respond to infection and act as immune and proangiogenic cells; moreover, these cells can differentiate into myofibroblasts in nonresolving ARDS and contribute to the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we aimed to characterize the role of lung cells, which present characteristics of pericytes, such as peri-endothelial location and expression of a panel of specific markers.

miRNA-126a plays important role in myoblast and endothelial cell interaction.

Muscle satellite cells (SCs) are stem cells and the main players in skeletal muscle reconstruction. Since satellite cells are located near or in direct contact with blood vessels their niche is formed, inter alia, by endothelial cells. The cross-talk between satellite cells and endothelial cells determines quiescence or proliferation of these cells.

Coding and noncoding RNA profile of human heterotopic ossifications - Risk factors and biomarkers.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) means the formation of bone in muscles and soft tissues, such as ligaments or tendons. HO could have a genetic history or develop after a traumatic event, as a result of muscle injury, fractures, burns, surgery, or neurological disorders. Many lines of evidence suggest that the formation of HO is related to the pathological differentiation of stem or progenitor cells present within soft tissues or mobilized from the bone marrow.

SDF-1 and NOTCH signaling in myogenic cell differentiation: the role of miRNA10a, 425, and 5100.

Background: Skeletal muscle regeneration is a complex process regulated by many cytokines and growth factors. Among the important signaling pathways regulating the myogenic cell identity are these involving SDF-1 and NOTCH. SDF-1 participates in cell mobilization and acts as an important chemoattractant.

The role of miRNA and lncRNA in heterotopic ossification pathogenesis.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of bone in non-osseous tissues, such as skeletal muscles. The HO could have a genetic or a non-genetic (acquired) background, that is, it could be caused by musculoskeletal trauma, such as burns, fractures, joint arthroplasty (traumatic HO), or cerebral or spinal insult (neurogenetic HO). HO formation is caused by the differentiation of stem or progenitor cells induced by local or systemic imbalances.

The miR151 and miR5100 Transfected Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Increase Myoblast Fusion in IGFBP2 Dependent Manner.

Background: Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) form a perivascular cell population in the bone marrow. These cells do not present naïve myogenic potential. However, their myogenic identity could be induced experimentally in vitro or in vivo.

Hypoxia preconditioned bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells enhance myoblast fusion and skeletal muscle regeneration.

Background: The skeletal muscle reconstruction occurs thanks to unipotent stem cells, i.e., satellite cells.

Mouse CD146+ muscle interstitial progenitor cells differ from satellite cells and present myogenic potential.

Background: The skeletal muscle regeneration relays on the satellite cells which are stem cells located between basal lamina and plasmalemma of muscle fiber. In the injured muscles, the satellite cells become activated, start to proliferate, and then differentiate into myoblasts, which fuse to form myotubes and finally myofibers. The satellite cells play the crucial role in the regeneration; however, other cells present in the muscle could also support this process.

Beneficial Effect of IL-4 and SDF-1 on Myogenic Potential of Mouse and Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells.

Under physiological conditions skeletal muscle regeneration depends on the satellite cells. After injury these cells become activated, proliferate, and differentiate into myofibers reconstructing damaged tissue. Under pathological conditions satellite cells are not sufficient to support regeneration.

The Survey of Cells Responsible for Heterotopic Ossification Development in Skeletal Muscles-Human and Mouse Models.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) manifests as bone development in the skeletal muscles and surrounding soft tissues. It can be caused by injury, surgery, or may have a genetic background. In each case, its development might differ, and depending on the age, sex, and patient's conditions, it could lead to a more or a less severe outcome.

IL-4 and SDF-1 Increase Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cell Ability to Improve Rat Skeletal Muscle Regeneration.

Skeletal muscle regeneration depends on the satellite cells, which, in response to injury, activate, proliferate, and reconstruct damaged tissue. However, under certain conditions, such as large injuries or myopathies, these cells might not sufficiently support repair. Thus, other cell populations, among them adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSCs), are tested as a tool to improve regeneration.

Human and mouse skeletal muscle stem and progenitor cells in health and disease.

The proper functioning of tissues and organs depends on their ability to self-renew and repair. Some of the tissues, like epithelia, renew almost constantly while in the others this process is induced by injury or diseases. The stem or progenitor cells responsible for tissue homeostasis have been identified in many organs.

The factors present in regenerating muscles impact bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cell fusion with myoblasts.

Background: Satellite cells, a population of unipotent stem cells attached to muscle fibers, determine the excellent regenerative capability of injured skeletal muscles. Myogenic potential is also exhibited by other cell populations, which exist in the skeletal muscles or come from other niches. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells inhabiting the bone marrow do not spontaneously differentiate into muscle cells, but there is some evidence that they are capable to follow the myogenic program and/or fuse with myoblasts.

The role of CXC receptors signaling in early stages of mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation.

Interplay between CXCR7 and other CXC receptors, namely CXCR4 or CXCR3, binding such ligands as SDF-1 or ITAC, was shown to regulate multiple cellular processes. The developmental role of signaling pathways mediated by these receptors was proven by the phenotypes of mice lacking either functional CXCR4, or CXCR7, or SDF-1, showing that formation of certain lineages relies on these factors. In this study, using in vitro differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells that lacked the function of CXCR7, we asked the question about the role of CXCR mediated signaling during early steps of differentiation.

Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells in Matrigel Impacts the Regeneration of Severely Damaged Skeletal Muscles.

In case of large injuries of skeletal muscles the pool of endogenous stem cells, i.e., satellite cells, might be not sufficient to secure proper regeneration.

Muscular Contribution to Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis from the Perspective of Stem Cell-Based Regenerative Medicine.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a relatively frequent disease within a range 0.5%-5.0% of population, with higher frequency in females.

Induction of bone marrow-derived cells myogenic identity by their interactions with the satellite cell niche.

Background: Skeletal muscle regeneration is possible thanks to unipotent stem cells, which are satellite cells connected to the myofibers. Populations of stem cells other than muscle-specific satellite cells are considered as sources of cells able to support skeletal muscle reconstruction. Among these are bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), which are multipotent, self-renewing stem cells present in the bone marrow stroma.

The Characteristics Of Human Bone-Derived Cells (HBDCS) during osteogenesis in vitro.

Background: The primary human bone-derived cell culture technique is used as a model to study human osteogenesis. Compared to cell line cultures, primary osteoprogenitor and osteoblast cultures provide more complex information about osteogenesis, bone remodeling and regeneration than cell line cultures.

Methods: In this study, we isolated human bone-derived cells (HBDCs) and promoted their differentiation into osteoblasts.

Aspects of pericytes and their potential therapeutic use.

Pericytes, which are multi-potential stem cells, co-create the walls of the microvessels: capillaries, terminal arterioles and postcapillary venules. These cells are localized under the basement membrane, tightly encircling the endothelium. The most frequently mentioned molecular markers of pericytes include NG2 (neural-glial antigen 2), β-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFRβ), smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA), regulator of G protein signalling 5 (RGS5), the adhesion protein CD146 and nestin.

Stem cells migration during skeletal muscle regeneration - the role of Sdf-1/Cxcr4 and Sdf-1/Cxcr7 axis.

The skeletal muscle regeneration occurs due to the presence of tissue specific stem cells - satellite cells. These cells, localized between sarcolemma and basal lamina, are bound to muscle fibers and remain quiescent until their activation upon muscle injury. Due to pathological conditions, such as extensive injury or dystrophy, skeletal muscle regeneration is diminished.

Stromal derived factor-1 and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor treatment improves regeneration of Pax7-/- mice skeletal muscles.

Background: The skeletal muscle has the ability to regenerate after injury. This process is mediated mainly by the muscle specific stem cells, that is, satellite cells. In case of extensive damage or under pathological conditions, such as muscular dystrophy, the process of muscle reconstruction does not occur properly.

Progression of inflammation during immunodeficient mouse skeletal muscle regeneration.

The skeletal muscle injury triggers the inflammatory response which is crucial for damaged muscle fiber degradation and satellite cell activation. Immunodeficient mice are often used as a model to study the myogenic potential of transplanted human stem cells. Therefore, it is crucial to elucidate whether such model truly reflects processes occurring under physiological conditions.

Cell therapy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy treatment: clinical trials overview.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most common and most severe form of all muscular dystrophies, leads to progressive muscle fiber necrosis, fibroblast proliferation, and growth of fibrous tissue and fat. The most common cause of death in DMD patients is cardiac and respiratory failure. Current pharmacological and other treatment methods do not lead to full recovery.

Sdf-1 (CXCL12) induces CD9 expression in stem cells engaged in muscle regeneration.

Introduction: Understanding the mechanism of stem cell mobilization into injured skeletal muscles is a prerequisite step for the development of muscle disease therapies. Many of the currently studied stem cell types present myogenic potential; however, when introduced either into the blood stream or directly into the tissue, they are not able to efficiently engraft injured muscle. For this reason their use in therapy is still limited.

Competence of in vitro cultured mouse embryonic stem cells for myogenic differentiation and fusion with myoblasts.

Pluripotent stem cells are a potential source of various cell types for use in regenerative medicine. Despite accumulating knowledge, there is currently no efficient and reproducible protocol that does not require genetic manipulation for generation of myogenic cells from pluripotent stem cells. Here, we examined whether mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are able to undergo myogenic differentiation and fusion in response to signals released by differentiating myoblasts.