Measuring tissue back-pressure--in vivo injection forces during subcutaneous injection.

Purpose: Limited information is available on injection forces of parenterals representing the in vivo situation. Scope of the present study was to investigate the contribution of the subcutaneous (sc) tissue layer to injection forces during in vivo injection.

Methods: Göttingen minipigs received injections of isotonic dextran solutions (1-100 mPas) into the plica inguinalis using different injection rates and volumes (0.

Rheological characterization and injection forces of concentrated protein formulations: an alternative predictive model for non-Newtonian solutions.

Development of injection devices for subcutaneous drug administration requires a detailed understanding of user capability and forces occurring during the drug administration process. Injection forces of concentrated protein therapeutics are influenced by syringe properties (e.g.