Perceptions and Barriers to Accessing Myopia Management in the UK.

Background/objectives: Perceptions and barriers to myopia management (MM) in childhood have not been fully explored within some countries, including the UK, where there is minimal public health education on myopia.

Methods: The aim of this mixed-methods study was to explore perceptions of myopia and MM interventions using focus groups and a survey to obtain qualitative and quantitative data. Topics included the understanding of myopia, perceptions of MM, considerations when initiating MM, lifestyle risk factors, and barriers to uptake of intervention.

Eyecare practitioner perspectives and attitudes towards myopia and myopia management in the UK.

Objective: Many children with progressive myopia are still prescribed single-vision correction. An investigation into UK eyecare practitioners' (ECPs) perceptions of myopia management was carried out to ascertain factors which may be limiting its implementation and uptake within clinical practice.

Methods And Analysis: Online focus groups were held with UK ECPs.

Effect of myopia management contact lens design on accommodative microfluctuations and eye movements during reading.

Background: Soft contact lenses have been developed and licensed for reducing myopia progression. These lenses have different designs, such as extended depth of focus (EDOF) and dual focus (DF). In this prospective, double-masked, cross-over study, different lens designs were investigated to see whether these had impact on accommodative microfluctuations and eye movements during reading.

The effect of image resolution of display types on accommodative microfluctuations.

Purpose: To determine whether accommodative microfluctuations (AMFs) are affected by the image resolution of the display type being observed. The effect of refractive error is also examined.

Methods: Twenty participants, (10 myopes and 10 emmetropes) observed a target on four different displays: paper, smartphone, e-reader and visual display unit screen (VDU), whilst their accommodative responses were measured using a continuous recording infrared autorefractor.

The role of peripheral ocular length and peripheral corneal radius of curvature in determining refractive error.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to extend the knowledge of peripheral biometric component and its relationship to refractive status in healthy individuals by determining the correlation between peripheral ocular length to peripheral corneal radius ratio and the refractive error.

Methods: This prospective study was conducted on thirty-three healthy adult participants. Refractive error was assessed objectively and subjectively and recorded as the mean spherical equivalent.

Blur adaptation: clinical and refractive considerations.

The human visual system is amenable to a number of adaptive processes; one such process, or collection of processes, is the adaptation to blur. Blur adaptation can be observed as an improvement in vision under degraded conditions, and these changes occur relatively rapidly following exposure to blur. The potential important future directions of this research area and the clinical implications of blur adaptation are discussed.

Cognitive Demand and Accommodative Microfluctuations.

Previous studies have shown cognition to have an influence on accommodation. Temporal variation in the accommodative response occurs during the fixation on a stationary target. This constantly shifting response has been called accommodative micro-fluctuations (AMFs).

Sensitivity of Chaos Measures in Detecting Stress in the Focusing Control Mechanism of the Short-Sighted Eye.

When fixating on a stationary object, the power of the eye's lens fluctuates. Studies have suggested that changes in these so-called microfluctuations in accommodation may be a factor in the onset and progression of short-sightedness. Like many physiological signals, the fluctuations in the power of the lens exhibit chaotic behaviour.

Does transient increase in axial length during accommodation attenuate with age?

Background: The aim was to profile transient accommodative axial length changes from early adulthood to advanced presbyopia and to determine whether any differences exist between the responses of myopic and emmetropic individuals.

Methods: Ocular biometry was measured by the LenStar biometer (Haag-Streit, Switzerland) in response to zero, 3.00 and 4.

The effect of interrupted defocus on blur adaptation.

Purpose: Blur adaptation occurs when an observer is exposed to continuous defocus. However, it is unclear whether adaptation requires constant defocus, or whether the effect can still be achieved when the adaptation period is interrupted by short periods of clear vision.

Methods: The study included 12 emmetropes and 12 myopes.

Optical Coherence Tomography and Biometry in High Myopia with Tilted Disc.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare retinal thickness and biometric parameters between highly myopic eyes with and without tilted optic discs.

Methods: A total of 60 eyes from 60 highly myopic individuals (defined as a mean spherical equivalent refraction of -6.00 D or greater and axial length ≥26 mm) underwent detailed ophthalmic examination.

The Visual Impact of Lens-Induced Astigmatism is Linked to Habitual Axis.

Purpose: Many studies have assessed the visual impact of astigmatism by inducing it using loose trial lenses at set axes. There are conflicting opinions and some confusion about the results, but the reduction in vision is typically least with lens-induced with-the-rule astigmatism. In this study, we determined whether a participant's habitual astigmatism influences the impact of lens-induced astigmatism on distance visual acuity (VA).

Influence of Gravity on Ocular Lens Position.

Purpose: We determined whether human ocular lens position is influenced by gravity.

Methods: Anterior chamber depth (ACD) and lens thickness (LT) were determined with a Haag-Streit Lenstar LS900 for right eyes of participants in two age groups, with a young group of 13 participants aged 18 to 21 years (mean, 21 years; SD, 1 year) and an older group of 10 participants aged 50 to 63 years (mean, 58 years; SD, 4 years). There were two sessions for each participant separated by at least 48 hours, with one session for the usual upright head position and one session for a downwards head position.

Clinical evaluation of the Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 autorefractor in adults: an update.

Purpose: The Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 is an open view autorefractor that superseded the Canon R-1 autorefractor in the mid-1990 s and has been used widely in optometry and vision science laboratories. It has been used to measure refractive error, accommodation responses both statically and dynamically, off-axis refractive error, and adapted to measure pupil size. This paper presents an overview of the original 2001 clinical evaluation of the SRW-5000 in adults (Mallen et al.

Biometry of eyes in type 1 diabetes.

This is a comprehensive study of a large range of biometric and optical parameters in people with type 1 diabetes. The parameters of 74 people with type 1 diabetes and an age matched control group were assessed. Most of the people with diabetes had low levels of neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy.

Refractive indices used by the Haag-Streit Lenstar to calculate axial biometric dimensions.

Purpose: To estimate refractive indices used by the Lenstar biometer to translate measured optical path lengths into geometrical path lengths within the eye.

Methods: Axial lengths of model eyes were determined using the IOLMaster and Lenstar biometers; comparing those lengths gave an overall eye refractive index estimate for the Lenstar. Using the Lenstar Graphical User Interface, we noticed that boundaries between media could be manipulated and opposite changes in optical path lengths on either side of the boundary could be introduced.

Influence of eye rotation on peripheral eye length measurement obtained with a partial coherence interferometry instrument.

Purpose: The eye rotation approach for measuring peripheral eye length leads to concern about whether the rotation influences results, such as through pressure exerted by eyelids or extra-ocular muscles. This study investigated whether this approach is valid.

Methods: Peripheral eye lengths were measured with a Lenstar LS 900 biometer for eye rotation and no-eye rotation conditions (head rotation for horizontal meridian and instrument rotation for vertical meridian).

Effect of correction of aberration dynamics on chaos in human ocular accommodation.

We used adaptive optics to determine the effect of monochromatic aberration dynamics on the level of chaos in the accommodation control system. Four participants viewed a stationary target while the dynamics of their aberrations were either left uncorrected, defocus was corrected, or all aberrations except defocus were corrected. Chaos theory analysis was used to discern changes in the accommodative microfluctuations.

Processing blur of conflicting stimuli during the latency and onset of accommodation.

The accommodative response (AR) to changes in dioptric accommodative stimulus (AS) during the latency period and onset of accommodation was investigated. Participants monocularly observed one period of a square wave in AS, with a 2-D baseline and mean, and amplitude 1 D or 2 D; the period of the square wave ranged from 0.10 s to 1.

Spatial frequency selectivity of visual suppression during convergence eye movements.

Visual suppression of low-spatial frequency information during eye movements is believed to contribute to a stable perception of our visual environment. While visual perception has been studied extensively during saccades, vergence has been somewhat neglected. Here, we show that convergence eye movements reduce contrast sensitivity to low spatial frequency information around the onset of the eye movements, but do not affect sensitivity to higher spatial frequencies.