Accelerated whole-body protein catabolism in subjects with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and albuminuria.

Background: Albuminuria develops in ~40% of subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), and is often associated with malnutrition, severe comorbidities and decreased life expectancy. The association between albuminuria and altered whole body protein turnover in T2DM is currently unknown.

Objective: To assess whole body protein degradation and synthesis in type 2 diabetes with and without albuminuria.

Can Nurse-Based Management Screening Ensure Adequate Outcomes in Patients With Gestational Diabetes? A Comparison of 2 Organizational Models.

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an impaired glucose tolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcomes of a blood glucose monitoring protocol implemented by nurses and dietitians in a diabetes team to the previously established protocol of direct monitoring of GDM patients by a diabetologist.

Methods: Two groups of patients were formed: The first group was based on a traditional protocol (P1: 230 patients) with patients' blood glucose constantly checked by a diabetologist.

Decreased Homocysteine Trans-Sulfuration in Hypertension With Hyperhomocysteinemia: Relationship With Insulin Resistance.

Context: Homocysteine is an independent cardiovascular risk factor and is elevated in essential hypertension. Insulin stimulates homocysteine catabolism in healthy individuals. However, the mechanisms of hyperhomocysteinemia and its relationship with insulin resistance in essential hypertension are unknown.

Decreased VLDL-Apo B 100 Fractional Synthesis Rate Despite Hypertriglyceridemia in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy.

Context: Subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) often exhibit hypertriglyceridemia. The mechanism(s) of such an increase are poorly known.

Objective: We investigated very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-Apo B 100 kinetics in T2DM subjects with and without DN, and in healthy controls.

Early nutritional intervention improves treatment tolerance and outcomes in head and neck cancer patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy.

Goals Of Work: Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) undergoing chemoradiotherapy are at high risk of malnutrition, which is related to complication rate. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of an early intensive nutritional intervention on nutritional status and outcomes in patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy for HNC.

Materials And Methods: We analysed retrospectively the clinical documentation of 33 HNC patients who were referred for early nutritional intervention (nutrition intervention group, NG) before they were submitted to chemoradiotherapy.

Phenylalanine and tyrosine kinetics in compensated liver cirrhosis: effects of meal ingestion.

We explored the mechanism(s) of increased aromatic amino acids concentrations in liver cirrhosis using phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr) isotope infusions in male patients with compensated cirrhosis (five in Child Class A, three in B) and in eight matched healthy controls, in both postabsorptive and fed states. After a baseline period, a standard liquid mixed meal was fed continuously over 4 h. Both a "plasma" and an intracellular model were employed.

Acute effect of insulin on nitric oxide synthesis in humans: a precursor-product isotopic study.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key regulatory molecule with wide vascular, cellular, and metabolic effects. Insulin affects NO synthesis in vitro. No data exist on the acute effect of insulin on NO kinetics in vivo.

Slow versus fast proteins in the stimulation of beta-cell response and the activation of the entero-insular axis in type 2 diabetes.

Background: We tested whether ingestion of whey protein can induce greater post-prandial amino acid (AA) levels in the plasma and a higher beta-cell response than casein ingestion in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

Methods: The study was designed as a double-blind, randomized, and controlled cross-over clinical trial. Twelve post-absorptive type 2 diabetic subjects who were withdrawn from their usual hypoglycemic therapy were studied.

Albumin and fibrinogen synthesis and insulin effect in type 2 diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria.

Objective: Insulin stimulates albumin synthesis but inhibits that of fibrinogen in both type 1 diabetic and healthy subjects. In type 2 diabetes, fibrinogen production is increased both in the postabsorptive state and in response to hyperinsulinemia. No data exist on the rate of albumin synthesis and its response to insulin in type 2 diabetes.

Effects of insulin on methionine and homocysteine kinetics in type 2 diabetes with nephropathy.

Although hyperhomocysteinemia, an independent cardiovascular risk factor, is common in type 2 diabetes with nephropathy, the mechanism(s) of this alteration is not known. In healthy humans, hyperinsulinemia increases methionine transmethylation, homocysteine transsulfuration, and clearance. No such data exist in type 2 diabetes either in the fasting state or in response to hyperinsulinemia.

Insulin in methionine and homocysteine kinetics in healthy humans: plasma vs. intracellular models.

Methionine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is reversibly converted into homocysteine. Homocysteine is an independent cardiovascular risk factor frequently associated with the insulin resistance syndrome. The effects of insulin on methionine and homocysteine kinetics in vivo are not known.

Elevated non-esterified fatty acids impair nitric oxide independent vasodilation, in humans: evidence for a role of inwardly rectifying potassium channels.

Unlabelled: To evaluate the role of elevation of non-esterified fatty acids on forearm nitric oxide (NO) dependent and independent relaxation, four studies were performed in the forearms of 14 normals: (1). endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilations were assessed during acetylcholine (Ach) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) infusions; (2). flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) was assessed; (3) .

Insulin acutely increases fibrinogen production in individuals with type 2 diabetes but not in individuals without diabetes.

Fibrinogen is an acute-phase reactant and an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Insulin without amino acid replacement acutely suppressed fibrinogen production in nondiabetic and type 1 diabetic individuals. Fibrinogen production and plasma concentration increase in insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes.

Postprandial body protein synthesis and amino acid catabolism measured with leucine and phenylalanine-tyrosine tracers.

Whether phenylalanine-tyrosine (Phe-Tyr) tracers yield estimates of postprandial protein synthesis comparable to those of the widely used leucine (Leu) tracer is unclear. We measured Leu oxidation (Ox), Phe hydroxylation (Hy), and their disposal into whole body protein synthesis before and after the administration of a mixed meal (62 kJ/kg body wt, 22% of energy as protein), over 4 h in healthy subjects. Both plasma and intracellular precursor pools were used.

L-arginine-nitric oxide kinetics in normal and type 2 diabetic subjects: a stable-labelled 15N arginine approach.

Defective endothelium is a key event in the development of atherosclerosis in diabetes: alteration of the L-arginine-nitric oxide (NO) pathway has been suggested. We propose a modeling approach of the L-arginine-NO pathway in vivo in both control and type 2 diabetic subjects based on the intravenous bolus injection of L-[(15)N]arginine and subsequent noncompartmental and compartmental model analysis of L-[(15)N] arginine in plasma and [(15)N]nitrate in the urine. No differences in arginine kinetics were observed between normal subjects and diabetic patients.

Effects of wine intake on postprandial plasma amino acid and protein kinetics in type 1 diabetes.

Background: Alcohol may impair protein turnover and insulin sensitivity in vivo.

Objective: The acute effects of moderate wine intake on amino acid kinetics and on the fractional synthetic rate (FSR) of albumin and fibrinogen in patients with type 1 diabetes were studied.

Design: Six patients with type 1 diabetes ingested an elementary mixed meal (46 kJ/kg) over 4 h, first without and 3 mo later with approximately 300 mL red wine.