Meeting report of the third annual Tri-Service Microbiome Consortium symposium.

The Tri-Service Microbiome Consortium (TSMC) was founded to enhance collaboration, coordination, and communication of microbiome research among U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) organizations and to facilitate resource, material and information sharing among consortium members.

Phylosymbiosis Impacts Adaptive Traits in Wasps.

Phylosymbiosis is defined as microbial community relationships that recapitulate the phylogeny of hosts. As evidence for phylosymbiosis rapidly accumulates in different vertebrate and invertebrate holobionts, a central question is what evolutionary forces cause this pattern. We use intra- and interspecific gut microbiota transplants to test for evidence of selective pressures that contribute to phylosymbiosis.

The Maternal Effect Gene Wds Controls Wolbachia Titer in Nasonia.

Maternal transmission of intracellular microbes is pivotal in establishing long-term, intimate symbioses. For germline microbes that exert negative reproductive effects on their hosts, selection can theoretically favor the spread of host genes that counteract the microbe's harmful effects. Here, we leverage a major difference in bacterial (Wolbachia pipientis) titers between closely related wasp species with forward genetic, transcriptomic, and cytological approaches to map two quantitative trait loci that suppress bacterial titers via a maternal effect.

Correction: Phylosymbiosis: Relationships and Functional Effects of Microbial Communities across Host Evolutionary History.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.

Phylosymbiosis: Relationships and Functional Effects of Microbial Communities across Host Evolutionary History.

Phylosymbiosis was recently proposed to describe the eco-evolutionary pattern, whereby the ecological relatedness of host-associated microbial communities parallels the phylogeny of related host species. Here, we test the prevalence of phylosymbiosis and its functional significance under highly controlled conditions by characterizing the microbiota of 24 animal species from four different groups (Peromyscus deer mice, Drosophila flies, mosquitoes, and Nasonia wasps), and we reevaluate the phylosymbiotic relationships of seven species of wild hominids. We demonstrate three key findings.

Disentangling a Holobiont - Recent Advances and Perspectives in Wasps.

The parasitoid wasp genus (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) is a well-established model organism for insect development, evolutionary genetics, speciation, and symbiosis. The host-microbiota assemblage which constitutes the holobiont (a host together with all of its associated microbes) consists of viruses, two heritable bacterial symbionts and a bacterial community dominated in abundance by a few taxa in the gut. In the wild, all four species are systematically infected with the obligate intracellular bacterium and can additionally be co-infected with These two reproductive parasites have different transmission modes and host manipulations (cytoplasmic incompatibility vs.

An optimized approach to germ-free rearing in the jewel wasp Nasonia.

Development of a Nasonia in vitrogerm-free rearing system in 2012 enabled investigation of Nasonia-microbiota interactions and real-time visualization of parasitoid metamorphosis. However, the use of antibiotics, bleach, and fetal bovine serum introduced artifacts relative to conventional rearing of Nasonia. Here, we optimize the germ-free rearing procedure by using filter sterilization in lieu of antibiotics and by removing residual bleach and fetal bovine serum.

High temporal resolution of glucosyltransferase dependent and independent effects of Clostridium difficile toxins across multiple cell types.

Background: Clostridium difficile toxins A and B (TcdA and TcdB), considered to be essential for C. difficile infection, affect the morphology of several cell types with different potencies and timing. However, morphological changes over various time scales are poorly characterized.

Vancomycin treatment's association with delayed intestinal tissue injury, clostridial overgrowth, and recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection in mice.

Antibiotic treatment, including vancomycin, for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has been associated with recurrence of disease in up to 25% of infected persons. This study investigated the effects of vancomycin on the clinical outcomes, intestinal histopathology, and anaerobic community during and after treatment in a murine model of CDI. C57BL/6 mice were challenged with C.