Non-invasive detection of superimposed latent fingerprints and inter-ridge trace evidence by infrared spectroscopic imaging.

Current latent print and trace evidence collecting technologies are usually invasive and can be destructive to the original deposits. We describe a non-invasive vibrational spectroscopic approach that yields latent fingerprints that are overlaid on top of one another or that may contain trace evidence that needs to be distinguished from the print. Because of the variation in the chemical composition distribution within the fingerprint, we demonstrate that linear unmixing applied to the spectral content of the data can be used to provide images that reveal superimposed fingerprints.

Analysis of titanium dioxide in synthetic fibers using Raman microspectroscopy.

The ability of Raman microspectroscopy to distinguish between rutile and anatase forms of the inorganic pigment titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) and to make quantitative measurements of titania loading in fibers is demonstrated. Issues that affect the validity of the Raman measurements include the spatial heterogeneity of TiO(2) in the fiber, the polarization of the laser beam, and the polarizing properties of the fiber itself. The amount of titanium dioxide in single delustered polyamide fibers was quantitated at concentration levels ranging from 0 to 7.

Infrared spectroscopic imaging for noninvasive detection of latent fingerprints.

The capability of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging to provide detailed images of unprocessed latent fingerprints while also preserving important trace evidence is demonstrated. Unprocessed fingerprints were developed on various porous and nonporous substrates. Data-processing methods used to extract the latent fingerprint ridge pattern from the background material included basic infrared spectroscopic band intensities, addition and subtraction of band intensity measurements, principal components analysis (PCA) and calculation of second derivative band intensities, as well as combinations of these various techniques.

Analysis of latent fingerprint deposits by infrared microspectroscopy.

We report the use of infrared (IR) microspectroscopy for the analysis of fingerprint residues. The advantage of using an IR microscope lies in the ability to visualize and obtain spectra of individual particles and droplets that make up fingerprint ridge deposits at a spatial resolution of approximately 10 microm. Our initial results suggest that infrared microspectroscopy in reflection-absorption mode provides reproducible spectral analysis of fingerprint residue.

Forensic discrimination of photocopy and printer toners II. Discriminant analysis applied to infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy.

Copy toner samples were analyzed using reflection-absorption infrared microscopy (R-A IR). The grouping of copy toners into distinguishable classes achieved by visual comparison and computer-assisted spectral matching was compared to that achieved by multivariate discriminant analysis. For a data set containing spectra of 430 copy toners, 90% (388/430) of the spectra were initially correctly grouped into the classifications previously established by spectral matching.

Forensic discrimination of photocopy and printer toners. III. Multivariate statistics applied to scanning electron microscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Copy toner samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy with X-ray dispersive analysis (SEM-EDX) and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Principal component and cluster analysis of SEM data for 166 copy toner samples established 13 statistically different subgroups, with the presence or absence of a ferrite base being a major division. When toners were compared for which both SEM and reflection-absorption infrared spectral data were available, 41% of the samples could be assigned to specific manufacturers.

Forensic discrimination of photocopy and printer toners I. The development of an infrared spectral library.

Microscopical reflection-absorption by infrared spectroscopy (R-A IR) was shown as a viable technique for analyzing the polymer resins contained in dry, black photocopy and printer toners. The sampling technique involves a heat transfer of the toner from a document to the reflective surface of aluminum foil followed by analysis by R-A IR. The technique is simple, fast, and readily available to most forensic laboratories.