Pseudo-Quantum Electrodynamics: 30 Years of Reduced QED.

Charged quasiparticles, which are constrained to move on a plane, interact by means of electromagnetic (EM) fields which are not subject to this constraint, living, thus, in three-dimensional space. We have, consequently, a hybrid situation where the particles of a given system and the EM fields (through which they interact) live in different dimensions. Pseudo-Quantum Electrodynamics (PQED) is a U(1) gauge field theory that, despite being strictly formulated in two-dimensional space, precisely describes the real EM interaction of charged particles confined to a plane.

"Code Headache": Development of a protocol for optimizing headache management in the emergency room.

Background And Purpose: Patients presenting at the emergency room (ER) with headache often encounter a hostile atmosphere and experience delays in diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this study was to design a protocol for the ER with the goal of optimizing the care of patients with urgent headache to facilitate diagnosis and expedite treatment.

Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted via a MEDLINE search in October 2021.

Digital Parenting Program: Enhancing Parenting and Reducing Child Behavior Problems.

Background/objectives: Digital parenting programs using smartphone apps can support families in positive parenting and require evaluations of their effects, mainly in low- and middle-income countries with caregivers experiencing psychosocial vulnerabilities. The study evaluated the "Born Learning" digital parenting program on improving parenting practices, child prosocial behavior, and reducing the children's externalizing behavior problems. Additionally, participants' satisfaction and engagement with the program were evaluated.

Geographical distribution of clinical trials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a scoping review.

: Clinical trials location is determined by many factors, including the availability of patient populations, regulatory environment, scientific expertise, and cost considerations. In clinical drug development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), where genetic differences have been described and may be related to geographic setting, this could have implications for the clinical interpretation of results in underrepresented geographic settings. : The aim of this study was to review country participation in ALS clinical research based on available data from clinical trial registries and databases.

Drug-Related Problems Detected in Complex Chronic Patients by Community Pharmacists of Catalonia: Perception of the Person-Centred Approach Necessity.

Community pharmacies are healthcare settings in which pharmacists are in an ideal position to carry out pharmaceutical care. The aim of this study was to analyse the number, type and groups of drugs that caused drug-related problems (DRPs) detected in complex chronic patients who are outpatients, the interventions and actions of community pharmacists and their impact on patient medication adherence. The study was designed as a secondary analysis of a multicentre study in the field of primary healthcare and community pharmacies in Catalonia (Spain).

Critical illness-associated cerebral microbleeds: What we learned after the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic review.

Background: Cerebral microbleeds in critically ill patients have been a reported complication of COVID-19. However, they have also been described in patients with other respiratory infections and conditions requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Here, we aim to describe the clinical characteristics of critical illness-associated cerebral microbleeds and compare COVID-19 cases with those related to other conditions.

Design and validation of 2 instruments to analyze and evaluate the formal quality in the informed consent process of clinical trials with medicinal products.

Objective: The activity of sponsors and Ethics Committees for Research with medicines has increased in recent years. The objective was to design and validate 2 instruments to analyze and evaluate the formal quality of the patient information sheet and the informed consent form of clinical trials with drugs, in accordance with the legislation.

Method: Design (Guideline for good clinical practice and European and Spanish regulations); validation (Delphi method and expert consensus: concordance ≥ 80%); reliability (inter-observer method, Kappa index).

[Translated article] Design and validation of two instruments to analyze and evaluate the formal quality in the informed consent process of clinical trials with medicinal products.

Objective: The activity of sponsors and Ethics Committees for Research with medicines has increased in recent years. The objective was to design and validate 2 instruments to analyze and evaluate the formal quality of the patient information sheet and the informed consent form of clinical trials with drugs, in accordance with the legislation.

Methods: Design (Guideline for good clinical practice and European and Spanish regulations); validation (Delphi method and expert consensus: concordance ≥ 80%); reliability (inter-observer method, Kappa index).

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Recognizing And Addressing Limited Pharmaceutical Literacy (RALPH) interview guide in community pharmacies.

Background: The RALPH (Recognizing and Addressing Limited PHarmaceutical Literacy) interview guide makes it possible to identify patients with limited pharmaceutical knowledge and to assess their skills in the functional, communicative, and critical health literacy domains.

Objective: (s): To perform a cross-cultural validation of the RALPH interview guide in Spanish population; to conduct a descriptive analysis based on patients' responses.

Methods: A cross-sectional study of patients' pharmaceutical literacy skills was conducted in three stages: systematic translation, administration of the interview and analysis of psychometric properties.

Person-centred care provided by a multidisciplinary primary care team to improve therapeutic adequacy in polymedicated elderly patients (PCMR): randomised controlled trial protocol.

Introduction: The increase in elderly population has led to an associated increase in multiple pathologies, frailty, polypharmacy, healthcare costs, decreased quality of life and mortality. We designed an intervention based on person-centred care model. This article outlines a study protocol, which aims to explore the effects of the intervention to improve therapeutic adequacy in polymedicated elderly patients.

Tapentadol and Oxycodone/Naloxone Prescribing Patterns in Primary Health Care in Catalonia, Spain: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective: To characterize the use of tapentadol and the combination oxycodone/naloxone in primary health care. Data on their use and possible misuse will allow the identification of risk factors and to design protocols to reduce and prevent avoidable harm to patients being treated for pain.

Design: A descriptive, cross-sectional and multicenter study was performed.

Off-label drug use in neonates and infants in Spain: A five-year observational study.

Objectives: To provide information about the off-label rate of all drug prescriptions in neonates and infants up to 1 year in Spain. Also, to analyse the off-label prescription of medicines under current practice in this age group according to different evidence sources.

Study Design: A five-year (2015-2019) exploratory observational study about off-label prescription in neonates and infants (0 to 1 year) at primary health care in Spain.

Gluten in pharmaceutical products: a scoping review.

Background: Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most common gluten-related disorders. Although the only effective treatment is a strict gluten-free diet, doubts remain as to whether healthcare professionals take this restriction into consideration when prescribing and dispensing medicines to susceptible patients. This scoping review aimed to find out the current evidence for initiatives that either describe the gluten content of medicines or intend to raise awareness about the risk of prescribing and dispensing gluten-containing medicines in patients with CD and other gluten-related disorders.

Effects of the Off-Label Drug Prescription in the Paediatric Population in Spain from the Adoption of the Latest European Regulation: A Pre-Post Study.

The year 2021 marks the 15th anniversary of the Paediatric Regulation (1901/2006/EC) in Europe. The main aim of the study was to conduct a pre-post comparison on the annual off-label prescription rates in the under-18 population in Spain and assess the potential influence of the Paediatric Regulation adoption. An observational study in the paediatric population was performed.

Development and Validation of the Hospital Outpatients' Information Needs Questionnaire (HOINQ).

Purpose: The main objective was to develop and validate a "Hospital Outpatients' Information Needs Questionnaire" (HOINQ). Secondly, to identify patients' preferred sources of information. Finally, to establish differences depending on the disease, as well as between sociodemographic and clinical variables.

Effects of a multifaceted intervention in psychogeriatric patients: one-year prospective study.

Objectives: The aetiology of behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPSD) could be related to inadequate treatment in patients with dementia. The aim of this study was to determine how a multifaceted intervention based on a medication review and multidisciplinary follow-up could improve treatment and minimise risk in these patients.

Methods: A prospective interventional study was undertaken between July 2015 and July 2016 of patients with dementia admitted to control BPSD.

Prevention strategies to identify LASA errors: building and sustaining a culture of patient safety.

Background: Potential look-alike, sound-alike (LASA) errors in outpatient and inpatient prescriptions have been widely described worldwide. However, most strategies of reducing drug name confusion have been only focused on the processes of prescribing and dispensing, often following local rules.

Main Text: An illustrative recent example about this topic is given: the antidepressant Brintellix® (vortioxetine) (Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.

Adverse Drug Events in Patients with Dementia and Neuropsychiatric/Behavioral, and Psychological Symptoms, a One-Year Prospective Study.

Older people usually present with adverse drug events (ADEs) with nonspecific symptoms such as cognitive decline, recurrent falls, reduced mobility, and/or major deterioration. The aims of this study were to assess the ADEs of patients with dementia and presenting neuropsychiatric/behavioral, and psychological symptoms in dementia (BPSD) and to categorize and identify the principal factors that allow to prevent ADEs, and separately ADEs that result in falls. To that end, a one-year prospective study in a psychogeriatric ward (July 2015 to July 2016) was performed.

Readability assessment of package leaflets of biosimilars.

Objectives: To assess the degree of readability and the length of the package leaflets of biosimilars.

Setting: The package leaflets analysed were downloaded from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) website.

Participants: The study sample included the package leaflets written in English of all the biosimilars that were authorised by the EMA on 31 August 2017, and whose content was available via the internet on that date (n=35).

Current evidence in the stability of medicines in dose administration aids: implications for patient safety.

Introduction: As the elderly population and polypharmacy are increasing, it is predicted that interventions to enhance medication adherence, as dose administration aids (DAA), will grow. One of the limitations of repackaging medicines into DAA is to assure the stability of medicines, and, therefore, their quality, efficacy and safety.

Areas Covered: This article collects and summarises data of all the stability studies of repackaged medicines into DAAs.

Clinical Use of Pregabalin in General Practice in Catalonia, Spain: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of use of pregabalin and the appropriateness of treatment, so that interventions could be designed to improve various clinical approaches to the use of pregabalin to include unlicensed indications.

Design: A descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study was performed between April 2014 and January 2015.

Setting: Fifty-three primary health care centers covering 1,250,000 inhabitants.

[Coordination between pharmaceutical services for integrated pharmacotherapy: the case of Catalonia].

Pharmaceutical policies have been considered strategies to contribute to the guarantee of care coordination and clinical integration. This study sought to describe the pharmaceutical services developed at different levels of care in the health network in Catalonia, as well as to identify and analyze the mechanisms and instruments that act as facilitators and/or barriers to the coordination of pharmacotherapy. This is a descriptive study of 12 cases of hospital pharmacy services, primary care and community pharmacies.

Sex-Divergent Clinical Outcomes and Precision Medicine: An Important New Role for Institutional Review Boards and Research Ethics Committees.

The efforts toward individualized medicine have constantly increased in an attempt to improve treatment options. These efforts have led to the development of small molecules which target specific molecular pathways involved in cancer progression. We have reviewed preclinical studies of sunitinib that incorporate sex as a covariate to explore possible sex-based differences in pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions (DDI) to attempt a relationship with published clinical outputs.