Sonography of the distal femoral epiphysis in the etiological diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism.

The etiology of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is often difficult to identify, owing mainly to limitations in currently available diagnostic tests. Characteristics of the distal femoral epiphyseal (DFE) ossification center may provide important information and help identify some causes of CH. We analyzed the contribution of DFE ultrasonography in the investigation of 11 young infants with positive screening for CH.

Thyroid Nodules in Severely Obese Patients: Frequency and Risk of Malignancy on Ultrasonography.

: We aimed to compare the thyroid ultrasonographic findings of severely obese nonobese individuals, and the frequency, characteristics, and risk of malignancy in detected nodules.: Case-control study including 67 adults with severe obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 35 kg/m) and 67 nonobese controls (BMI < 30 kg/m). The participants underwent ultrasound evaluation of the thyroid and cervical subcutaneous tissue.

Sonographic evaluation of the thyroid size in neonates.

Purpose: To validate the use of the ratio between the total transverse diameters of the thyroid lobes (Th) and the width of the trachea (Tr)-the Th:Tr or Yasumoto ratio-as a sonographic method for estimating thyroid size, and to determine reference values for this ratio and for thyroid volume in neonates.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated thyroid size according to the Yasumoto ratio and the thyroid volume calculated with the ellipsoid formula in 125 healthy, euthyroid, iodine-sufficient, full-term neonates.

Results: The mean thyroid gland volume was 1.

Impact of nutritional iodine optimization on rates of thyroid hypoechogenicity and autoimmune thyroiditis: a cross-sectional, comparative study.

Background: Since several countries have established mandatory food iodine fortification, there has been a decrease in rates of iodine deficiency disorders in parallel with an increase in prevalence of autoimmune thyroid diseases. This study compared the nutritional iodine status and the prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis and thyroid hypoechogenicity on ultrasound in schoolchildren in São Paulo (Brazil) in two distinct periods of time in which fortified salt had different concentrations of iodine.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study evaluating 206 children aged 7-14 years and without a history of thyroid disease.

Approach to and treatment of goiters.

The main causes of simple diffuse goiter (SDG) and multinodular goiter (MNG) are iodine deficiency, increase in serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level, natural goitrogens, smoking, chronic malnutrition, and lack of selenium, iron, and zinc. Increasing evidence suggests that heredity is equally important. Treatment of SDG and MNG still focuses on L-thyroxine-suppressive therapy surgery.

[Ultrasonographic evaluation of the thyroid, determination of ioduria and iodine concentration in kitchen salt used by schoolchildren in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil].

Objective And Methods: Previous studies have pointed out that Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, is an area of borderline iodine deficiency, later becoming a region of excessive iodination. In a reevaluation of the iodine status of the city in 2007-2008, 300 schoolchildren aged 8 to 10 years were evaluated, from 3 schools of 3 different socioeconomic levels who were submitted to the determination of iodine concentration in urine samples and in kitchen salt and thyroid ultrasound.

Results And Conclusion: Among boys and girls ioduria was higher in the school of highest socioeconomic level compared to the others, with a significant difference in the ages 8 and 10 years for boys with ranges : p < 0,0001 and p = 0,0106, respectively; and in the ages 8 and 9 years for girls with ranges: p = 0,0024 and p = 0,0154, respectively.

High prevalence of side effects after recombinant human thyrotropin-stimulated radioiodine treatment with 30 mCi in patients with multinodular goiter and subclinical/clinical hyperthyroidism.

Background: Treatment of multinodular goiters (MNGs) is highly controversial. Radioiodine (RAI) therapy is a nonsurgical alternative for the elderly who decline surgery. Recently, recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) has been used to augment RAI uptake and distribution.

Excessive iodine intake and ultrasonographic thyroid abnormalities in schoolchildren.

High nutritional levels of iodine may induce a higher prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, goiter, as well as hyperthyroidism, mostly in the elderly. This study assessed thyroid volume and ultrasonographic abnormalities as well as urinary iodine excretion (UIE) in 964 schoolchildren living in an iodine-sufficient area in southern Brazil. Thyroid volume correlated with age and body surface area in boys and girls.

The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in elderly cardiology patients with mild excessive iodine intake in the urban area of São Paulo.

Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in elderly cardiac patients in an outpatient setting.

Subjects And Methods: A total of 399 consecutive patients (268 women, age range 60-92 years) who were followed at Heart Institute were evaluated for thyroid dysfunction with serum free T4, TSH, anti-Peroxidase antibodies, urinary iodine excretion measurements and thyroid ultrasound.

Results: Hyperthyroidism (overt and subclinical) was present in 29 patients (6.

[Preoperative evaluation of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules with 18F-FDG PET].

The aim of this article is to discuss the role of 18F-FDG Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in the preoperative evaluation of patients with cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. All studies with patients with thyroid cancer were selected to the calculation of sensitivity. Only studies aiming to evaluate patients with thyroid nodules whose cytological result was indeterminate were selected to establish the specificity.

Association of low sodium-iodide symporter messenger ribonucleic acid expression in malignant thyroid nodules with increased intracellular protein staining.

Context: The expression of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is required for iodide uptake in thyroid cells. Benign and malignant thyroid tumors have low iodide uptake. However, previous studies by RT-PCR or immunohistochemistry have shown divergent results of NIS expression in these nodules.

Thyroid and the environment: exposure to excessive nutritional iodine increases the prevalence of thyroid disorders in Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAT) and iodine-induced hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism (overt and subclinical), and goiter in a population exposed to excessive iodine intake for 5 years (table salt iodine concentrations: 40-100 mg/kg salt). Design This was a population-based, cross-sectional study with 1085 participants randomly selected from a metropolitan area in São Paulo, Brazil, and conducted during the first semester of 2004.

Methods: Thyroid ultrasound examination was performed in all participants and samples of urine and blood were collected from each subject.

[Usefulness of ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma].

Thyroid nodules are found in the vast majority of the population, but only 5 to 10% are malignant. Ultrasonography of the thyroid, by virtue of being a straightforward, non-invasive method presenting strong correlation with macroscopic aspects of the thyroid gland, is being increasingly used to identify nodules that present a higher risk of malignancy. The presence of certain ultrasonographic characteristics such as hypoechogenicity, microcalcifications, irregular contours and central vascularization on Doppler, increase the risk of the lesion being malignant.

Preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules: role of ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration biopsy followed by cytology.

Purpose: To evaluate the preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules using ultrasound studies and cytology of nodular aspirates.

Subjects And Methods: 2,468 patients with thyroid nodules were examined from 1999 to 2005. All patients were clinically examined and underwent ultrasonography followed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and cytology.

Role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in preoperative assessment of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules.

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration biopsy results.

Methods: Forty-two consecutive patients with thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytological results participated in this study. Abnormal (18)F-FDG PET uptake was assessed visually and by measuring the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) in thyroid topography.

[Echographic evaluation of the thyroid gland and urinary iodine concentration in school children from various regions of the State of São Paulo, Brazil].

We have examined, by ultrasonographic studies, the thyroid gland of 844 schoolchildren, aged between 6 and 14 years old (423 girls, 421 boys). There was a progressive increase of the thyroid volume with aging with a positive and significant correlation with the body surface area. The presence of enlarged thyroid gland was rarely seen, being present in only 1.

[Ultrasonographic evaluation of thyroid nodules: comparison with cytologic and histologic diagnosis].

The purpose of this study was to evaluate our ultrasonographic classification of thyroid nodules, based on echo structure, echogenicity, calcification, margin and analysis of the surrounding parenchyma. From January 1998 to January 2002, 2,468 consecutive patients with thyroid nodules were referred for thyroid ultrasonography and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (USFNAB) in our Thyroid Unit. Among 1,039 nodules classified as benign on ultrasound, 998 (96.