Monkeypox (Mpox) virus isolation and ultrastructural characterisation from a Brazilian human sample case.

Background: According to the last 2023 Monkeypox (Mpox) Outbreak Global Map from the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 100 countries with no Mpox infection report cases. Brazil stands out in this group and is the second country with the highest number of cases in the last outbreak.

Objective: To contribute to knowledge of the virus infection effects in a cellular model, which is important for diagnosis infections not yet included in a provider´s differential diagnosis and for developing viral inhibition strategies.

Enterovirus detection in stool samples from Mozambican children with acute gastroenteritis.

Enteroviruses (EV) are predominantly enteric viruses, present in all parts of the world causing disease in humans with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations. The purpose of this study was to identify non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) in stool samples collected from children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) symptoms of unknown etiology in four provinces (Maputo, Nampula, Sofala and Zambézia) of Mozambique. From June 2014 to March 2018, 327 stool samples were collected from children hospitalized with AGE in health care units.

Analysis of Coxsackievirus B5 Infections in the Central Nervous System in Brazil: Insights into Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity.

Coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) is one of the most prevalent enteroviruses types in humans and causes annual epidemics worldwide. In the present study, we explored viral genetic diversity, molecular and epidemiological aspects of CVB5 obtained from cerebrospinal fluid and stool samples of patients with aseptic meningitis or acute flaccid paralysis, information that is still scarce in Brazil. From 2005 to 2018, 57 isolates of CVB5 were identified in the scope of the Brazilian Poliomyelitis Surveillance Program.

Environmental Monitoring for Enteroviruses in Maputo, Mozambique-2018.

Due to the possibility of wild poliovirus importation from endemic regions and the high circulation of vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 in the African region, Mozambique implemented a surveillance program to monitor the circulation of enteroviruses in the environment. From January to November 2018, a period that immediately preceded the cVDPV outbreak in Africa, 63 wastewater samples were collected from different areas in Maputo city. A total of 25 samples (39.

Viral and Prion Infections Associated with Central Nervous System Syndromes in Brazil.

Virus-induced infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are among the most serious problems in public health and can be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, mainly in low- and middle-income countries, where these manifestations have been neglected. Typically, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, varicella-zoster, and enterovirus are responsible for a high number of cases in immunocompetent hosts, whereas other herpesviruses (for example, cytomegalovirus) are the most common in immunocompromised individuals. Arboviruses have also been associated with outbreaks with a high burden of neurological disorders, such as the Zika virus epidemic in Brazil.

Simultaneous enterovirus EV-D68 and CVA6 infections causing acute respiratory distress syndrome and hand, foot and mouth disease.

Background: Although most enterovirus (EV) infections can be asymptomatic, these viral agents can cause serious conditions associated with central nervous system, respiratory disease and uncommon manifestations of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). EV-coinfections have been rarely reported with development of complications and severe clinical outcome. An atypical case of a child presenting HFMD and severe acute respiratory syndrome, co-infected with EV-D68 and CVA6, is reported herein.

Molecular characterization and epidemiological aspects of non-polio enteroviruses isolated from acute flaccid paralysis in Brazil: a historical series (2005-2017).

Due to the advanced stage of polio eradication, the possible role of non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) associated to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases has been highlighted. In this study, we described epidemiological aspects of NPEVs infections associated to AFP and explore the viral genetic diversity, information still scarce in Brazil. From 2005 to 2017, 6707 stool samples were collected in the scope of the Brazilian Poliomyelitis Surveillance Program.

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease in uruguay: Coxsackievirus A6 identified as causative of an outbreak in a rural childcare center.

To know the epidemiological context of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) in a region of Uruguay and to identify the Enterovirus responsible for an outbreak in a rural childcare center in 2018. Swab samples from skin lesions and/or stools samples were collected from children suffering HFMD during an outbreak in a rural childcare center. Samples were subject to viral RNA extraction and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction towards VP1 coding segment, to identify the Enterovirus type by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.

Identification and Phylogenetic Characterization of Human Enteroviruses Isolated from Cases of Aseptic Meningitis in Brazil, 2013-2017.

Aseptic meningitis is a common viral infection associated with human enteroviruses. The aim of the present study was to identify and characterize the enteroviruses associated with outbreaks and sporadic cases of aseptic meningitis that occurred in different regions of Brazil between 2013 and 2017. Cerebrospinal fluids obtained from patients admitted to public health facilities were analyzed.

Re-emergence of a coxsackievirus A24 variant causing acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Brazil from 2017 to 2018.

A large outbreak (over 200,000 cases) of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) took place in Brazil during the summer of 2017/2018, seven years after a nationwide epidemic, which occurred in 2011. To identify the etiological agent, 80 conjunctival swabs from patients with a clinical presentation suggestive of AHC were analyzed at the national enterovirus laboratory. Real-time RT-PCR for human enteroviruses was performed, and enterovirus RNA was detected in 91.

Hepatitis E virus is not detected in association with neurological disorders among Brazilian children.

Hepatitis E virus is increasingly being associated with idiopathic neurological disease. We tested 325 stool samples from Brazilian children presenting acute flaccid paralysis or Guillain-Barré syndrome using a broadly reactive and sensitive Reverse-transcription Polymerase chain reaction. Hepatitis E genome was not detected in any of the samples tested.

Dissemination of enteroviruses in the production chain of organic lettuce in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

This study aimed to survey the environmental dissemination of enterovirus (EV) in a site of organic lettuce situated in the mountainous region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. For this purpose, a total of 96 environmental samples, including water and lettuce samples obtained in different stages of the production chain (e.g.

Enterovirus B74 associated with hand, foot and mouth disease.

Enterovirus 74 (EV-B74) has been associated with cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) but it is not a commonly found enterovirus. In this work, we present the characterization of an EV-B74 detected from the serum sample of a one-year-old boy presenting with signs and symptoms clinically compatible with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). This is the first report of EV-B74 in Brazil.

Seroprevalence of antibodies against the three serotypes of poliovirus and IPV vaccine response in adult solid organ transplant candidates.

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of protective antibody titers to polioviruses in adults candidates for solid organ transplant (SOT), and to assess the immunogenic response to inactivated polio vaccine in this population.

Methods: The study included SOT candidates referred to Immunization Reference Centre of Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases from March 2013 to January 2016. It was conducted in 2 phases.

An Environmental Surveillance in Uruguay Reveals the Presence of Highly Divergent Types of Human Enterovirus Species C and a High Frequency of Species A and B Types.

Information about Human Enterovirus circulation in Uruguay is scarce. The aim of this study was to generate the first description about their circulation in the country through the study of sewage samples collected before and after the switch from Oral Poliovirus Vaccine to Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine. Viruses were concentrated by an adsorption-elution to a negatively charged membrane, and real-time quantitative PCR and qualitative PCR methods were used to detect, quantify, and characterize enteroviruses.

Acute flaccid paralysis laboratorial surveillance in a polio-free country: Brazil, 2005-2014.

The last case of paralytic poliomyelitis caused by wild poliovirus in Brazil occurred in 1989. The interruption of the indigenous poliovirus transmission was obtained through mass immunization campaigns to eligible children and an active epidemiological and laboratorial surveillance of all cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) among children under 15 y of age. This paper describes and evaluates the performance of the AFP surveillance system in different geographic areas of Brazil between 2005 and 2014, using indicators recommended by WHO.

Rare natural type 3/type 2 intertypic capsid recombinant vaccine-related poliovirus isolated from a case of acute flaccid paralysis in Brazil, 2015.

A natural type 3/type 2 intertypic capsid recombinant vaccine-related poliovirus was isolated from an acute flaccid paralytic case in Brazil. Genome sequencing revealed the uncommon location of the crossover site in the VP1 coding region (nucleotides 3251-3258 of Sabin 3 genome). The Sabin 2 donor sequence replaced the last 118 nt of VP1, resulting in the substitution of the complete antigenic site IIIa by PV2-specific amino acids.

Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of a Highly Evolved Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Isolated from Seawater in Brazil, 2014.

A type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV), differing from the Sabin 2 strain at 8.6% (78/903) of VP1 nucleotide positions, was isolated from seawater collected from a seaport in São Paulo State, Brazil. The P1/capsid region is related to the Sabin 2 strain, but sequences within the 5'-untranslated region and downstream of the P1 region were derived from recombination with other members of Human Enterovirus Species C (HEV-C).

Environmental Surveillance of Polioviruses in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in Support to the Activities of Global Polio Eradication Initiative.

Wild polioviruses still remain endemic in three countries (Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria) and re-emergency of wild polio has been reported in previously polio-free countries. Environmental surveillance has been used as a supplementary tool in monitoring the circulation of wild poliovirus (PVs) and/or vaccine-derived PVs even in the absence of acute flaccid paralysis cases. This study aimed to monitor the presence of polioviruses in wastewater samples collected at one wastewater treatment plant located in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

HIV-1 transcripts use IRES-initiation under conditions where Cap-dependent translation is restricted by poliovirus 2A protease.

The 30 different species of mRNAs synthesized during the HIV-1 replication cycle are all capped and polyadenilated. Internal ribosome entry sites have been recognized in the 5' untranslated region of some mRNA species of HIV-1, which would contribute to an alternative mechanism of initiation of mRNA translation. However, the Cap-dependent translation is assumed to be the main mechanism driving the initiation of HIV-1 protein synthesis.

Complete genome sequence of the last representative genotype of wild indigenous poliovirus type 1, which circulated in Brazil.

Polioviruses are the major etiological agents associated with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). The complete genome sequence of a representative of the last wild poliovirus type 1 genotype isolated in Brazil from a paralytic poliomyelitis case is reported here.

Genetic diversity of Echovirus 30 involved in aseptic meningitis cases in Brazil (1998-2008).

Aseptic meningitis is one of the most common neurological disorders caused by enteroviruses. Among them, Echovirus 30 (E30) is described as the main etiological agent of many outbreaks and sporadic cases. This study investigated the genomic variability of E30 isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of aseptic meningitis cases that occurred from 1998 to 2008 in Brazil.