Bronchiolitis: evidence-based management in high-risk infants in the intensive care setting.

Aim: Systematically review the management of infants with severe bronchiolitis in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) setting with a focus on high-risk infants to identify gaps in evidence-based knowledge.

Methods: This systematic review utilised Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) to examine the literature on the PICU management of bronchiolitis in infants <24 months old. Three databases, Embase, PubMed and Medline, were searched and higher levels of evidence I, II and III were included.

Prader-Willi syndrome: guidance for children and transition into adulthood.

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare orphan disease and complex genetic neurodevelopmental disorder, with a birth incidence of approximately 1 in 10,000-30,000. Management of people with PWS requires a multi-disciplinary approach, ideally through a multi-disciplinary team (MDT) clinic with community support. Hypotonia, poor feeding and faltering growth are characteristic features in the neonatal period, followed by hyperphagia and risk of rapid weight gain later in childhood.

Biomarkers in retinopathy of prematurity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aim: Retinopathy of prematurity is a significant global cause of childhood blindness. This study aims to identify serum biomarkers that are associated with the development of ROP.

Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using PRISMA guidelines.

Adolescents, parents, and providers' experiences of triadic encounters in paediatric diabetes clinics: A qualitative study.

Introduction: Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes are a cohort whose self-management of their diabetes care often declines during adolescence which can lead to adverse health outcomes. Research indicates that providers find it challenging to engage adolescents in communication exchanges during triadic encounters in diabetes clinics. Our study aimed to explore adolescents, parents, and providers' experiences of clinic encounters.

The incidence of type 1 diabetes in children under 15 years of age is rising again-a nationwide study.

Unlabelled: International incidence rates (IRs) and trends of childhood type 1 diabetes (T1D) vary. Recent data from Ireland and other high incidence countries suggested a stabilisation in IRs of T1D in children aged under 15 years. Our primary objective was to report the IR of T1D in children in Ireland from 2019 to 2021 and evaluate if age, sex and season of diagnosis had changed.

Encouraging adolescents' participation during paediatric diabetes clinic visits: Design and development of a question prompt list intervention.

Aims: To investigate adolescents' communication with healthcare providers (HCPs) and co- design a question prompt list as one part of an intervention to increase patient participation and communication at diabetes clinic visits.

Methods: Using an adolescent-led co-design approach we conducted interviews and focus groups with adolescents, parents, and healthcare providers (HCPs) and held workshops with both a Youth Advisory Group (YAG) and a Parent Advisory Group (PAG).

Results: Adolescents and parents identified challenges categorised into four themes: negative experience communicating with HCPs, lacking patient education leading to disinterest, low self-confidence out of fear of being wrong and forgetting to ask question(s).

Timing of Puberty, Pubertal Growth, and Adult Height in Short Children Born Small for Gestational Age Treated With Growth Hormone.

Context: Growth hormone (GH) is used to treat short children born small for gestational age (SGA); however, the effects of treatment on pubertal timing and adult height are rarely studied.

Objective: To evaluate adult height and peak height velocity in short GH-treated SGA children.

Methods: Prospective longitudinal multicenter study.

Neonatal sepsis: a systematic review of core outcomes from randomised clinical trials.

Background: The lack of a consensus definition of neonatal sepsis and a core outcome set (COS) proves a substantial impediment to research that influences policy and practice relevant to key stakeholders, patients and parents.

Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. In the included studies, the described outcomes were extracted in accordance with the provisions of the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) handbook and registered.

Neonatal sepsis definitions from randomised clinical trials.

Introduction: Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of infant mortality worldwide with non-specific and varied presentation. We aimed to catalogue the current definitions of neonatal sepsis in published randomised controlled trials (RCTs).

Method: A systematic search of the Embase and Cochrane databases was performed for RCTs which explicitly stated a definition for neonatal sepsis.

Pulmonary haemorrhage in neonates: Systematic review of management.

Aim: Pulmonary haemorrhage (PH) is an acute catastrophic event with low incidence yet high mortality among neonates. We aimed to systematically review the management of PH.

Methods: A search was carried out of the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases according to the PRISMA guidelines.

Multi-Organ Dysfunction in Cerebral Palsy.

Cerebral Palsy (CP) describes a heterogenous group of non-progressive disorders of posture or movement, causing activity limitation, due to a lesion in the developing brain. CP is an umbrella term for a heterogenous condition and is, therefore, descriptive rather than a diagnosis. Each case requires detailed consideration of etiology.

Melatonin as an immunomodulator in children with Down syndrome.

Background: Down syndrome (DS) is a disorder characterised by marked immune dysfunction, increased mortality from sepsis, chronic inflammation, increased oxidative stress, sleep disturbance and possibly abnormal endogenous melatonin levels. Melatonin has a myriad of immune functions, and we hypothesised that this therapeutic agent could modulate the innate immune system in this cohort.

Methods: We investigated neutrophil and monocyte function (CD11b, TLR4 expression by flow cytometry), genes involved in TLR signalling (MyD88, IRAK4, TRIF), the inflammasome (NLRP3, IL-1β), and circadian rhythm (BMAL, CLOCK, CRY) by qPCR, and inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-1ra, VEGF, Epo, GM-CSF) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following immunomodulation with LPS endotoxin and melatonin.

Dietary intake and growth in children with Prader-Willi syndrome.

Background: The management of Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) requires strict dietary supervision to prevent obesity, avoid micronutrient deficiencies and ensure optimal growth. The present study aimed to examine the growth and dietary intake of children with PWS.

Methods: All children with genetically confirmed PWS attending Children's Health Ireland (CHI) at Tallaght (n = 44) were invited to participate.

Incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in Ireland remains high but no longer rising.

Aim: The global incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) varies considerably geographically. Ireland has a high incidence of T1DM. Incidence accelerated between 1997 and 2008, although more recent data (2008-2013) suggested stabilisation in the incidence rate (IR).

Developing a video intervention to improve youth question-asking and provider education during paediatric diabetes clinic encounters: The Promoting Adolescents Communication and Engagement study.

Background: Research on long-term health conditions indicates that adolescents are not actively involved during their medical visits. Active involvement is essential because this can help adolescents learn how to self-manage their treatment plan.

Objective: To co-design a video intervention to improve youth question-asking and provider education during paediatric diabetes visits.

Prader-Willi Syndrome in children: Quality of life and caregiver burden.

Unlabelled: Prader-Willi syndrome is a complex condition requiring constant care and supervision of the affected child.

Aim: To evaluate quality of life and caregiver burden in children with Prader-Willi syndrome.

Methods: All children with Prader-Willi syndrome, attending a tertiary referral centre, were invited to participate (n = 44).

Multiorgan involvement and management in children with Down syndrome.

Aim: To review multiorgan involvement and management in children with Down syndrome (DS).

Methods: A literature review of articles from 1980 to 2019 using the MEDLINE interface of PubMed was performed using the following search terms- [Down syndrome] or [Trisomy 21] AND [Cardiology] or [Respiratory] or [neurodevelopment] or [epilepsy] or [musculoskeletal] or [immune system] or [haematological] or [endocrine] or [gastrointestinal] or [ophthalmological] or [Ear Nose Throat] or [dermatology] or [renal].

Results: Congenital heart disease particularly septal defects occur in over 60% of infants with DS and 5%-34% of infants develop persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn irrespective of a diagnosis of congenital heart disease.

Increased systemic inflammation in children with Down syndrome.

Children with Down syndrome (DS) develop more infections, have an increased mortality from sepsis and an increased incidence of chronic inflammatory conditions. Cytokine dysregulation may underpin these clinical sequelae and raised pro-inflammatory biomarkers are a feature in adults with DS. The importance of the anti-inflammatory mediators IL-1ra and IL-10, as well as cytokines Epo and VEGF, which could impact on the pathogenesis and outcomes in congenital heart disease (CHD) which is more prevalent in DS, are less well known.

Increases in Bioactive IGF do not Parallel Increases in Total IGF-I During Growth Hormone Treatment of Children Born SGA.

Background: Some children born small for gestational age (SGA) experience supra-physiological insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations during GH treatment. However, measurements of total IGF-I concentrations may not reflect the bioactive fraction of IGF-I which reaches the IGF-I receptor at target organs. We examined endogenous IGF-bioactivity using an IGF-I kinase receptor activation (KIRA) assay that measures the ability of IGF-I to activate the IGF-IR in vitro.