Opt-out Testing Pilot for Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Immigrant Detainees at 2 Immigration and Customs Enforcement Health Service Corps-Staffed Detention Facilities, 2018.

Objectives: Correctional settings (prisons, jails, detention facilities) provide a unique opportunity to screen for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among correctional populations with a high prevalence of infection. Immigrant detainees are a distinct and poorly described correctional population. The main objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of a national STI screening program for immigrant detainees.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis Disease Among Immigrant Detainees: Rapid Disease Detection, High Prevalence of Asymptomatic Disease, and Implications for Tuberculosis Prevention.

Background: Rapid screening for tuberculosis (TB) disease at intake into immigrant detention facilities allows for early detection and treatment. Detention facilities with United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Health Service Corps (IHSC) medical staffing utilize chest radiography and symptom screening as the primary screening for pulmonary TB (PTB) disease. This analysis describes the demographic, clinical, and microbiological characteristics of individuals identified with TB disease at these facilities.

Predictive factors of facilitating linkage to care for HIV-positive detainees in ICE Health Service Corps-staffed facilities.

Background: Persons in ICE detention represent a population about whom limited health-related data is available in the literature. Since ICE detention is generally brief, facilitating linkage to care (FLC) for detainees with chronic diseases, including HIV-positive detainees, is challenging, yet critical to encourage continued treatment beyond custody. Between 2015 and 2017, IHSC-staffed facilities implemented intensive training related to HIV care and FLC and increased clinical oversight and consultations.

Serological Susceptibility to Varicella Among U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Detainees.

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) is responsible for detaining unauthorized aliens during immigration proceedings.

Zoonotic parapoxviruses detected in symptomatic cattle in Bangladesh.

Background: Application of molecular diagnostic methods to the determination of etiology in suspected poxvirus-associated infections of bovines is important both for the diagnosis of the individual case and to form a more complete understanding of patterns of strain occurrence and spread. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize bovine-associated zoonotic poxviruses in Bangladesh which are relevant to animal and human health.

Findings: Investigators from the International Center Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Bangladesh Department of Livestock Services traveled to three districts in Bangladesh-Siranjganj, Rangpur and Bhola-to collect diagnostic specimens from dairy cattle and buffalo that had symptoms consistent with poxvirus-associated infections.

Rabies death attributed to exposure in Central America with symptom onset in a U.S. detention facility - Texas, 2013.

On June 7, 2013, a man was diagnosed in a Texas hospital with rabies. He had been detained in a U.S.

An Investigation of a Cluster of Parapoxvirus Cases in Missouri, Feb-May 2006: Epidemiologic, Clinical and Molecular Aspects.

In the spring of 2006, four human cases of parapoxvirus infections in Missouri residents were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), two of which were initially diagnosed as cutaneous anthrax. This investigation was conducted to determine the level of recognition of zoonotic parapoxvirus infections and prevention measures, the degree to which veterinarians may be consulted on human infections and what forces were behind this perceived increase in reported infections. Interviews were conducted and clinical and environmental sampling was performed.

Progressive vaccinia: case description and laboratory-guided therapy with vaccinia immune globulin, ST-246, and CMX001.

Progressive vaccinia (PV) is a rare but potentially lethal complication that develops in smallpox vaccine recipients with severely impaired cellular immunity. We describe a patient with PV who required treatment with vaccinia immune globulin and who received 2 investigational agents, ST-246 and CMX001. We describe the various molecular, pharmacokinetic, and immunologic studies that provided guidance to escalate and then successfully discontinue therapy.

National surveillance for human and pet contact with oral rabies vaccine baits, 2001-2009.

Objective: To determine the rate and absolute number of human and pet exposures to oral rabies vaccine (ORV) bait containing liquid vaccinia rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine and to evaluate factors that might affect human contact with bait to modify the program and reduce human exposure to the vaccine.

Design: Retrospective analysis of surveillance data (2001 to 2009).

Sample: Reports on human and pet contact with ORV baits in states with ORV surveillance programs.

Risk factors associated with complications and mortality in patients with Clostridium difficile infection.

Background: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has increased in frequency and severity over the past decade. An understanding of the modifiable risk factors for disease severity has considerable clinical applicability.

Methods: We performed a retrospective case review of 485 cases in patients aged 1-99 years at the Naval Medical Center San Diego from November 2004 through December 2008.

Pathologic studies on suspect animal and human cases of Rift Valley fever from an outbreak in Eastern Africa, 2006-2007.

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an important viral zoonotic disease in Africa with periodic outbreaks associated with severe disease, death, and economic hardship. During the 2006-2007 outbreaks in Eastern Africa, postmortem and necropsy tissue samples from 14 animals and 20 humans clinically suspected of RVF were studied with histopathologic evaluation and immunohistochemical (IHC) assays. Six animal and 11 human samples had IHC evidence of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) antigens.

Risk factors for severe Rift Valley fever infection in Kenya, 2007.

A large Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreak occurred in Kenya from December 2006 to March 2007. We conducted a study to define risk factors associated with infection and severe disease. A total of 861 individuals from 424 households were enrolled.

An investigation of a major outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Kenya: 2006-2007.

An outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) occurred in Kenya during November 2006 through March 2007. We characterized the magnitude of the outbreak through disease surveillance and serosurveys, and investigated contributing factors to enhance strategies for forecasting to prevent or minimize the impact of future outbreaks. Of 700 suspected cases, 392 met probable or confirmed case definitions; demographic data were available for 340 (87%), including 90 (26.

Active case detection, treatment of falciparum malaria with combined chloroquine and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine and vivax malaria with chloroquine and molecular markers of anti-malarial resistance in the Republic of Vanuatu.

Background: Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum was first described in the Republic of Vanuatu in the early 1980s. In 1991, the Vanuatu Ministry of Health instituted new treatment guidelines for uncomplicated P. falciparum infection consisting of chloroquine/sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine combination therapy.

Clinical experience, infection control practices and diagnostic algorithms for poxvirus infections - an Emerging Infections Network survey.

Background: In order to determine how best to tailor outreach messages about poxvirus diagnosis and infection control for health practitioners, we surveyed infectious disease physicians in the Infectious Diseases Society of America's Emerging Infections Network.

Findings: Surveys consisting of two unknown case scenarios designed to raise suspicion for monkeypox and orf were distributed to the 1,080 members of the EIN. The surveys contained questions pertaining to which diagnostic tests, points of contact, and transmission precautions they would likely utilize during patient evaluation.

Eczema vaccinatum resulting from the transmission of vaccinia virus from a smallpox vaccinee: an investigation of potential fomites in the home environment.

On March 3, 2007, a 2-year-old boy was hospitalized with eczema vaccinatum. His two siblings, one with eczema, were subsequently removed from the home. Swabs of household items obtained on March 13th were analyzed for orthopoxvirus DNA signatures with real-time PCR.

Bloodstream infections in patients given treatment with intravenous prostanoids.

Objective: In September 2006, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was notified of cases of gram-negative bloodstream infection (BSI) occurring among outpatients who received an intravenous formulation of the prostanoid treprostinil. An investigation was conducted to determine rates of prostanoid-associated BSI in this patient population and possible risk factors for infection.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients who had received intravenous formulations of at least 1 of the 2 approved prostanoids (epoprostenol and treprostinil) from January 1, 2004, through late 2006.

Severe eczema vaccinatum in a household contact of a smallpox vaccinee.

Background: We report the first confirmed case of eczema vaccinatum in the United States related to smallpox vaccination since routine vaccination was discontinued in 1972. A 28-month-old child with refractory atopic dermatitis developed eczema vaccinatum after exposure to his father, a member of the US military who had recently received smallpox vaccine. The father had a history of inactive eczema but reportedly reacted normally to the vaccine.

Dermatologic conditions of the ill returned traveler: an analysis from the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network.

Background: Skin disorders are common in travelers. Knowledge of the relative frequency of post-travel-related skin disorders, including their geographic and demographic risk factors, will allow for effective pre-travel counseling, as well as improved post-travel diagnosis and therapeutic intervention.

Methods: We performed a retrospective study using anonymous patient demographic, clinical, and travel-related data from the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network clinics from January 1997 through February 2006.

Prevalence of antibodies against orthopoxviruses among residents of Likouala region, Republic of Congo: evidence for monkeypox virus exposure.

Monkeypox virus is a zoonotic orthopoxvirus (OPX) of west and central sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted a cross-sectional serosurvey in Likouala region, Republic of Congo to assess exposure to OPX. Whole blood was collected using Nobuto blood filter strips (NBFS).

Skin disorders among construction workers following Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita: an outbreak investigation in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Objectives: To determine the extent and scope of the outbreak of skin eruptions, to identify the causes of the acute skin diseases, to identify risk factors for the conditions, and to reduce the dermatologic morbidity among workers repairing buildings damaged by Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: Military base in New Orleans, Louisiana.

ORF virus infection in children: clinical characteristics, transmission, diagnostic methods, and future therapeutics.

Orf virus leads to self-limited, subacute cutaneous infections in children who have occupational or recreational contact with infected small ruminants. Breaches in the integument and contact with animals recently vaccinated for orf may be important risk factors in transmission. Common childhood behaviors are likely important factors in the provocation of significant contact (ie, bites) or in unusual lesion location (eg, facial lesions).

Progressive ORF virus infection in a patient with lymphoma: successful treatment using imiquimod.

Orf virus is a parapoxvirus that infects small ruminants worldwide. We present the case report of a 73-year-old woman with non-Hodgkins lymphoma who developed progressive orf virus lesions that were unresponsive to surgical debridement and to cidofovir therapy. The patient's orf virus infection was successfully treated with topical imiquimod despite progression of her malignancy.