Budget impact analysis of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Colombia.

Pneumococcal diseases including invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), pneumonia, and acute otitis media (AOM) impose a substantial public health burden. This study performed a budget impact analysis of the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in the National Immunization Program (NIP) in Colombia. We compared the direct medical cost of the scenario without and with PCV vaccination using either pneumococcal non-typeable protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) or 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) over 5 years (2020-2024) from the health-care system perspective.

[Evaluation of atypical semen parameters in individuals whose couples had a history of early recurrent embryo death: in search for a reference value].

Introduction: Previous studies related alterations in non-conventional seminal parameters with recurrent early embryonic death for one couple. A reference standard of clinical assessment is required for the management of these kinds of patients.

Objective: Normal semen parameters were established based on functional tests including lipid peroxidation of sperm membranes, antioxidant capacity of seminal plasma and integrity of sperm chromatin to compare with men whose partners have recurrent early embryonic death.