High concordance of PET-CT treatment response evaluation according to PERCIST 1.0 when comparing images reconstructed with OSEM vs. BSREM.

Background: Positron emission tomography (PET) response criteria in solid tumours (PERCIST 1.0) is a systematic assessment of therapy response with fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose ([F]FDG) PET. The ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) and block sequential regularized expectation maximization (BSREM) reconstruction algorithms are both commonly used.

Radiomics and Artificial Intelligence Landscape for [F]FDG PET/CT in Multiple Myeloma.

[F]FDG PET/CT is a powerful imaging modality of high performance in multiple myeloma (MM) and is considered the appropriate method for assessing treatment response in this disease. On the other hand, due to the heterogeneous and sometimes complex patterns of bone marrow infiltration in MM, the interpretation of PET/CT can be particularly challenging, hampering interobserver reproducibility and limiting the diagnostic and prognostic ability of the modality. Although many approaches have been developed to address the issue of standardization, none can yet be considered a standard method for interpretation or objective quantification of PET/CT.

AI-based fully automatic image analysis: Optimal abdominal and thoracic segmentation volumes for estimating total muscle volume on computed tomography scans.

Objectives: Evaluation of sarcopenia from computed tomography (CT) is often based on measuring skeletal muscle area on a single transverse slice. Automatic segmentation of muscle volume has a lower variance and may be a better proxy for the total muscle volume than single-slice areas. The aim of the study was to determine which abdominal and thoracic anatomical volumes were best at predicting the total muscle volume.

A novel model of artificial intelligence based automated image analysis of CT urography to identify bladder cancer in patients investigated for macroscopic hematuria.

Objective: To evaluate whether artificial intelligence (AI) based automatic image analysis utilising convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can be used to evaluate computed tomography urography (CTU) for the presence of urinary bladder cancer (UBC) in patients with macroscopic hematuria.

Methods: Our study included patients who had undergone evaluation for macroscopic hematuria. A CNN-based AI model was trained and validated on the CTUs included in the study on a dedicated research platform (Recomia.

Improving sensitivity through data augmentation with synthetic lymph node metastases for AI-based analysis of PSMA PET-CT images.

Background: We developed a fully automated artificial intelligence (AI)AI-based-based method for detecting suspected lymph node metastases in prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)(PSMA) positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT)(PET-CT) images of prostate cancer patients by using data augmentation that adds synthetic lymph node metastases to the images to expand the training set.

Methods: Synthetic data were derived from original training images to which new synthetic lymph node metastases were added. Thus, the original training set from a previous study (n = 420) was expanded by one synthetic image for every original image (n = 840), which was used to train an AI model.

Artificial Intelligence-Based Organ Delineation for Radiation Treatment Planning of Prostate Cancer on Computed Tomography.

Purpose: Meticulous manual delineations of the prostate and the surrounding organs at risk are necessary for prostate cancer radiation therapy to avoid side effects to the latter. This process is time consuming and hampered by inter- and intraobserver variability, all of which could be alleviated by artificial intelligence (AI). This study aimed to evaluate the performance of AI compared with manual organ delineations on computed tomography (CT) scans for radiation treatment planning.

Artificial intelligence-based, volumetric assessment of the bone marrow metabolic activity in [F]FDG PET/CT predicts survival in multiple myeloma.

Purpose: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a highly heterogeneous disease with wide variations in patient outcome. [F]FDG PET/CT can provide prognostic information in MM, but it is hampered by issues regarding standardization of scan interpretation. Our group has recently demonstrated the feasibility of automated, volumetric assessment of bone marrow (BM) metabolic activity on PET/CT using a novel artificial intelligence (AI)-based tool.

Manual prostate MRI segmentation by readers with different experience: a study of the learning progress.

Objective: To evaluate the learning progress of less experienced readers in prostate MRI segmentation.

Materials And Methods: One hundred bi-parametric prostate MRI scans were retrospectively selected from the Göteborg Prostate Cancer Screening 2 Trial (single center). Nine readers with varying degrees of segmentation experience were involved: one expert radiologist, two experienced radiology residents, two inexperienced radiology residents, and four novices.

Metabolic tumour volume in Hodgkin lymphoma-A comparison between manual and AI-based analysis.

Aim: To compare total metabolic tumour volume (tMTV), calculated using two artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools, with manual segmentation by specialists as the reference.

Methods: Forty-eight consecutive Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients staged with [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography were included. The median age was 35 years (range: 7-75), 46% female.

Application of an artificial intelligence-based tool in [F]FDG PET/CT for the assessment of bone marrow involvement in multiple myeloma.

Purpose: [F]FDG PET/CT is an imaging modality of high performance in multiple myeloma (MM). Nevertheless, the inter-observer reproducibility in PET/CT scan interpretation may be hampered by the different patterns of bone marrow (BM) infiltration in the disease. Although many approaches have been recently developed to address the issue of standardization, none can yet be considered a standard method in the interpretation of PET/CT.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence in PSMA PET/CT for Prostate Cancer Imaging.

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has emerged as an important imaging technique for prostate cancer. The use of PSMA PET/CT is rapidly increasing, while the number of nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists to interpret these scans is limited. Additionally, there is variability in interpretation among readers.

Automated quantification of PET/CT skeletal tumor burden in prostate cancer using artificial intelligence: The PET index.

Purpose: Consistent assessment of bone metastases is crucial for patient management and clinical trials in prostate cancer (PCa). We aimed to develop a fully automated convolutional neural network (CNN)-based model for calculating PET/CT skeletal tumor burden in patients with PCa.

Methods: A total of 168 patients from three centers were divided into training, validation, and test groups.

Common carotid segmentation in F-sodium fluoride PET/CT scans: Head-to-head comparison of artificial intelligence-based and manual method.

Background: Carotid atherosclerosis is a major cause of stroke, traditionally diagnosed late. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with F-sodium fluoride (NaF) detects arterial wall micro-calcification long before macro-calcification becomes detectable by ultrasound, CT or magnetic resonance imaging. However, manual PET/CT processing is time-consuming and requires experience.

Freely Available, Fully Automated AI-Based Analysis of Primary Tumour and Metastases of Prostate Cancer in Whole-Body [F]-PSMA-1007 PET-CT.

Here, we aimed to develop and validate a fully automated artificial intelligence (AI)-based method for the detection and quantification of suspected prostate tumour/local recurrence, lymph node metastases, and bone metastases from [F]PSMA-1007 positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) images. Images from 660 patients were included. Segmentations by one expert reader were ground truth.

Automated classification of PET-CT lesions in lung cancer: An independent validation study.

Introduction: Recently, a tool called the positron emission tomography (PET)-assisted reporting system (PARS) was developed and presented to classify lesions in PET/computed tomography (CT) studies in patients with lung cancer or lymphoma. The aim of this study was to validate PARS with an independent group of lung-cancer patients using manual lesion segmentations as a reference standard, as well as to evaluate the association between PARS-based measurements and overall survival (OS).

Methods: This study retrospectively included 115 patients who had undergone clinically indicated (18F)-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT due to suspected or known lung cancer.

Freely available artificial intelligence for pelvic lymph node metastases in PSMA PET-CT that performs on par with nuclear medicine physicians.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop and validate an artificial intelligence (AI)-based method using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for the detection of pelvic lymph node metastases in scans obtained using [F]PSMA-1007 positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) from patients with high-risk prostate cancer. The second goal was to make the AI-based method available to other researchers.

Methods: [F]PSMA PET-CT scans were collected from 211 patients.

PET/CT imaging of spinal inflammation and microcalcification in patients with low back pain: A pilot study on the quantification by artificial intelligence-based segmentation.

Background: Current imaging modalities are often incapable of identifying nociceptive sources of low back pain (LBP). We aimed to characterize these by means of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) of the lumbar spine region applying tracers F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and F-sodium fluoride (NaF) targeting inflammation and active microcalcification, respectively.

Methods: Using artificial intelligence (AI)-based quantification, we compared PET findings in two sex- and age-matched groups, a case group of seven males and five females, mean age 45 ± 14 years, with ongoing LBP and a similar control group of 12 pain-free individuals.

Automated Bone Scan Index to Optimize Prostate Cancer Working Group Radiographic Progression Criteria for Men With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Introduction: Radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) by Prostate Cancer Working Group (PCWG) criteria is a radiographic endpoint. The automated bone scan index (aBSI) quantifies osseous disease burden on bone scintigraphy as a percentage of total skeletal weight. Using the aBSI, we sought to quantify increase in tumor burden represented by PCWG progression criteria, and to determine the interval increase that best associates with overall survival (OS).

Freely available convolutional neural network-based quantification of PET/CT lesions is associated with survival in patients with lung cancer.

Background: Metabolic positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) parameters describing tumour activity contain valuable prognostic information, but to perform the measurements manually leads to both intra- and inter-reader variability and is too time-consuming in clinical practice. The use of modern artificial intelligence-based methods offers new possibilities for automated and objective image analysis of PET/CT data.

Purpose: We aimed to train a convolutional neural network (CNN) to segment and quantify tumour burden in [F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT images and to evaluate the association between CNN-based measurements and overall survival (OS) in patients with lung cancer.

Artificial Intelligence in Vascular-PET:: Translational and Clinical Applications.

Positron emission tomography (PET) offers an incredible wealth of diverse research applications in vascular disease, providing a depth of molecular, functional, structural, and spatial information. Despite this, vascular PET imaging has not yet assumed the same clinical use as vascular ultrasound, CT, and MR imaging which provides information about late-onset, structural tissue changes. The current clinical utility of PET relies heavily on visual inspection and suboptimal parameters such as SUVmax; emerging applications have begun to harness the tool of whole-body PET to better understand the disease.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence in F-Sodium Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography:: Current State and Future Directions.

This review discusses the current state of artificial intelligence (AI) in F-NaF-PET/CT imaging and the potential applications to come in diagnosis, prognostication, and improvement of care in patients with bone diseases, with emphasis on the role of AI algorithms in CT bone segmentation, relying on their prevalence in medical imaging and utility in the extraction of spatial information in combined PET/CT studies.

Automated artificial intelligence-based analysis of skeletal muscle volume predicts overall survival after cystectomy for urinary bladder cancer.

Background: Radical cystectomy for urinary bladder cancer is a procedure associated with a high risk of complications, and poor overall survival (OS) due to both patient and tumour factors. Sarcopenia is one such patient factor. We have developed a fully automated artificial intelligence (AI)-based image analysis tool for segmenting skeletal muscle of the torso and calculating the muscle volume.

Convolutional neural network-based automatic heart segmentation and quantitation in I-metaiodobenzylguanidine SPECT imaging.

Background: Since three-dimensional segmentation of cardiac region in I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) study has not been established, this study aimed to achieve organ segmentation using a convolutional neural network (CNN) with I-MIBG single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, to calculate heart counts and washout rates (WR) automatically and to compare with conventional quantitation based on planar imaging.

Methods: We assessed 48 patients (aged 68.4 ± 11.

Deep learning takes the pain out of back breaking work - Automatic vertebral segmentation and attenuation measurement for osteoporosis.

Background: Osteoporosis is an underdiagnosed and undertreated disease worldwide. Recent studies have highlighted the use of simple vertebral trabecular attenuation values for opportunistic osteoporosis screening. Meanwhile, machine learning has been used to accurately segment large parts of the human skeleton.

Artificial intelligence-based measurements of PET/CT imaging biomarkers are associated with disease-specific survival of high-risk prostate cancer patients.

Objective: Artificial intelligence (AI) offers new opportunities for objective quantitative measurements of imaging biomarkers from positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Clinical image reporting relies predominantly on observer-dependent visual assessment and easily accessible measures like SUV, representing lesion uptake in a relatively small amount of tissue. Our hypothesis is that measurements of total volume and lesion uptake of the entire tumour would better reflect the disease`s activity with prognostic significance, compared with conventional measurements.