The Importance of Social Support in Recovery Populations: Toward a Multilevel Understanding.

Although social support is commonly investigated in the context of substance recovery, researchers have widely neglected its multilevel nature, thus limiting what we know about its measurement across levels of observation. The current study used multilevel confirmatory factor analyses (MCFA) on 229 individuals living in 42 recovery homes to investigate the structure of single factor of social support at the individual and house-levels. Multilevel structural equation model (MSEM) was then conducted to examine whether the social support factor was associated with stress at the individual and house-levels.

Women's Friendships: A Basis for Individual-Level Resources and Their Connection to Power and Optimism.

The study examined how friendships among women in recovery from substance use disorders are related to individual resources (e.g., social support, self-esteem, and hope) and empowerment (e.

Advice seeking and loaning of money related to relapse in recovery homes.

Recovery homes help individuals who have completed substance use treatment programs re-integrate back into the community. However, it is unclear what factors determine who will succeed in these settings and how these factors may be reinforced or undermined by the social interactions and social networks between residents living in the Oxford House recovery homes. In an effort to better understand these factors, the current study evaluated (a) the extent to which the density of social networks (i.

Individuals in sober living: Effects of contact with substance using family members.

This study examines the effects that substance-using family members have on those working to maintain recovery from substance use disorder. Participants ( = 229) were recruited from Oxford Houses (OH) across North Carolina, Texas, and Oregon. A stepwise linear regression with variables including abstinence self-efficacy, gender, substance use, attendance of Alcoholics Anonymous, and conflict with family and non-family was run to examine associations between the amount of substance using family members in the participant's social network.

Housing, Relationships, and Substance Use among Formerly Incarcerated Females.

The need for housing is an important concern for most women about to be released from prison, especially by those that need substance use treatment. This study explored the association between housing settings, relationships, and substance use. Two hundred adult females that had endorsed previous incarceration within the past two years participated in the initial baseline study.

Context Matters: Home-level But Not Individual-Level Recovery Social Capital Predicts Residents' Relapse.

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the literature on the prediction of substance use relapse, using sophisticated systems' approaches to individuals and their contexts. In the current study of 42 recovery homes, we investigated the construct of social capital from the perspective of both recovery home residents and the house level. A confirmatory factor analysis found a latent recovery factor (including elements of recovery capital, comprising resources such as wages, self-efficacy, stress, self-esteem, quality of life, hope, sense of community, and social support) at both the individual and the recovery house level.

Network measures of advice-seeking and resource sharing are related to well-being in recovery homes.

Background: There is a need to better understand the extent to which social capital (reflected in social networks tapping friendship, financial support, advice/informational support) can aid recovery for those residents living in abstinence-based recovery homes.

Methods: Social network characteristics of 42 recovery homes (Oxford Houses) were examined, including friendship, willingness to loan money, and advice-seeking to assess the extent to which house network patterns were related to house-level resident measures of proximal recovery outcomes of well-being (e.g.

The relationship of Oxford Houses across heterogeneous house and setting characteristics.

Oxford Houses (OH) are democratically run, self-funded, substance-use recovery homes that operate across the United States and internationally. Previous research shows the OHs are present in diverse neighborhoods. The current study examined the neighborhoods of 42 OHs located in Oregon, Texas, and North Carolina to better quantify and understand house and neighborhood characteristics that are related to relapse rates.

Recovery home networks as social capital.

Ensuring recovery home residents' social integration into a home environment is important for preventing early dropout and facilitating sustained recovery. Social capital theory may provide an explanation for how recovery homes may protect residents and improve recovery rates. However, little is known about how social capital in recovery home environments is structured and accessed.

Tobacco Use among Recovery Home Residents: Vapers Less Confident to Quit.

In this study, we provide estimates of the prevalence of tobacco use among residents in Oxford House (OH) recovery homes. We explore predictors for smoking cessation on future intentions to quit tobacco use, such as self-efficacy, motivation to quit, and level of nicotine dependence. We focus on examining smoking-related differences between 2 groups of tobacco users: (1) residents who only vape, and (2) residents who only smoke or who smoke and vape (ie, dual users).

A promising recovery housing model for American Indian communities.

In 2016, two Oxford House (OH) recovery homes were established for the Suquamish Tribal reservation. A group of researchers interviewed house members and key individuals responsible for the creation of these two unique OHs. Because American Indians are an at-risk population for substance use disorders, our study explored whether an OH-type recovery home model could be successfully adapted to this population, given the specific nature of tribal cultures.

ortho-Alkylation of Pyridine N-Oxides with Alkynes by Photocatalysis: Pyridine N-Oxide as a Redox Auxiliary.

A photocatalyzed ortho-alkylation of pyridine N-oxide with ynamides and arylacetylenes has been developed, which yields a series of α-(2-pyridinyl) benzyl amides/ketones. Mechanistic studies, including electrochemical studies, radical-trapping experiments, and Stern-Volmer fluorescence quenching studies demonstrate that pyridine N-oxide serves as both a redox auxiliary and radical acceptor to achieve the mild photocatalytic single-electron oxidation of carbon-carbon triple bonds with the generation of a cationic vinyl radical intermediate.

Towards the Complete Synthetic -Antigen of O1, Serotype Inaba: Improved Synthesis of the Conjugation-ready Upstream Terminal Hexasaccharide Determinant.

Synthesis of the upstream terminal hexasaccharide part of the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of O1, serotype Inaba has been improved. The key improvements include but are not limited to optimized conditions for the stereoselectivity of glycosylation reactions involved and fewer number of synthetic steps, compared to previous approaches. Particularly noteworthy is conducting the glycosylation of the very reactive glycosyl acceptor 8-azido-3,6-dioxaoctanol with the fully assembled hexasaccharide trichloroacetimidate under thermodynamic control.

Recovery homes: A social network analysis of Oxford Houses for Native Americans.

Social network data were collected among residents of an Oxford House (OH) recovery home, which was located on Suquamish Tribal territory. Data were collected on the social connections of eight male residents (including four Native Americans and four non-Native Americans) using a social network instrument. A number of social network relationship types were examined, including friendship, trust, and mentorship.

Relationship of hope, sense of community, and quality of life.

This study examined the role of hope and community in achieving and/or maintaining a successful recovery, and their relationships to quality of life for individuals in recovery. The sample included 229 participants in 42 Oxford House sober living homes in 3 locations in the United States. In this cross-sectional investigation, we assessed whether hope and sense of community were predictors of quality of life for individuals living in recovery homes.

Intramuscular infiltration of a local anesthetic, lidocaine, does not result in adverse behavioural side effects in rainbow trout.

Fish are a useful animal model for research, but our improvement in some aspects of their welfare has not kept pace with their increased popularity for this use. For example, researchers rarely use analgesics. We evaluated the side effects of lidocaine, a local anesthetic widely used in human and veterinary medicine.

Updated Review of Fish Analgesia.

Analgesics are an integral part of routine pain management in mammals, yet their use in fish is still limited. Some recommendations on the use of analgesics in fish are currently in the literature; however, information on the properties of analgesic drugs in most fish species is still scarce and sometimes misleading. The present review of information on the use of analgesics in fish was thus compiled to help clinicians make an informed decision as to which drug and dose to use.

Evaluation of tissue changes following intramuscular infiltration of lidocaine in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.

Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were infiltrated with either saline or lidocaine adjacent to the dorsal fin to assess histopathological changes. Infiltration was done as if it were being used as a local anaesthetic. Tissue lesions and associated tissue healing were examined over a period of 30 days.

Lack of postexposure analgesic efficacy of low concentrations of eugenol in zebrafish.

Objective: To test the postexposure analgesic efficacy of low doses of eugenol in zebrafish.

Study Design: Prospective experimental study.

Animals: A total of 76 large adult zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Uses and Doses of Local Anesthetics in Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles.

Local anesthetics are an integral part of routine pain management in mammals, yet their use is relatively limited in fish, amphibians and reptiles. These animals frequently undergo potentially painful surgical procedures and therefore could possibly benefit from those drugs. Some recommendations are currently available in the literature concerning analgesic use in these animals.

The Reliability and Reciprocity of a Social Network Measure.

There have been few efforts to systematically develop reliable and valid measures of social networks, particularly in studies dealing with individuals having substance use disorders. In the current study, individuals living in recovery homes called Oxford Houses completed a 6-item measure of social networks. The Cronbach's alpha was .

Development of a Three-Factor Psychological Sense of Community Scale.

A variety of measures of sense of community have been developed, but the identification of latent factors in developed scales to measure this construct have encountered significant psychometric problems involving reliability and validity. We present a new measure called the Psychological Sense of Community Scale, which is based on 3 distinct ecological domains involving the individual, microsystem and macrosystem. We used an exploratory factor analysis to investigate our three theoretical domains involving (identity and importance to self), (social relationships), and (a group's organization and purpose).

Collectivism and individualism in Latino recovery homes.

Research indicates that Latinos underutilize substance abuse interventions; cultural variables may contribute to difficulties accessing and completing treatment for this group. As a result, there is a need to understand the role of cultural constructs in treatment outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate how levels of collectivism (COL) and individualism (IND) relate to length of stay and relapse outcomes in self-run recovery homes.