Germline proliferation trades off with lipid metabolism in .

Little is known about the metabolic basis of life-history trade-offs but lipid stores seem to play a pivotal role. During reproduction, an energetically highly costly process, animals mobilize fat reserves. Conversely, reduced or curtailed reproduction promotes lipid storage in many animals.

An Ancestral Balanced Inversion Polymorphism Confers Global Adaptation.

Since the pioneering work of Dobzhansky in the 1930s and 1940s, many chromosomal inversions have been identified, but how they contribute to adaptation remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, the widespread inversion polymorphism In(3R)Payne underpins latitudinal clines in fitness traits on multiple continents. Here, we use single-individual whole-genome sequencing, transcriptomics, and published sequencing data to study the population genomics of this inversion on four continents: in its ancestral African range and in derived populations in Europe, North America, and Australia.

Barriers and facilitators to accessing and utilising post-treatment psychosocial support by Black men treated for prostate cancer-a systematic review and qualitative synthesis.

Purpose: To synthesise findings from published studies on barriers and facilitators to Black men accessing and utilising post-treatment psychosocial support after prostate cancer (CaP) treatment.

Methods: Searches of Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Central, CINAHL plus and Scopus were undertaken from inception to May 2021. English language studies involving Black men aged ≥18 and reporting experiences of, or suggestions for, psychosocial support after CaP treatment were included.

The future for diagnostic tests of acute kidney injury in critical care: evidence synthesis, care pathway analysis and research prioritisation.

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is highly prevalent in hospital inpatient populations, leading to significant mortality and morbidity, reduced quality of life and high short- and long-term health-care costs for the NHS. New diagnostic tests may offer an earlier diagnosis or improved care, but evidence of benefit to patients and of value to the NHS is required before national adoption.

Objectives: To evaluate the potential for AKI in vitro diagnostic tests to enhance the NHS care of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and identify an efficient supporting research strategy.

A qualitative study of patients' feedback about Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) services in Northern England: implications for service improvement.

Objective: Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) provides opportunities for improved cost savings, but in the UK, implementation is patchy and a variety of service models are in use. The slow uptake in the UK and Europe is due to a number of clinical, financial and logistical issues, including concern about patient safety. The measurement of patient experience data is commonly used to inform commissioning decisions, but these focus on functional aspects of services and fail to examine the relational aspects of care.

Cost-effectiveness of outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy: a simulation modelling approach.

Objectives: In the UK, patients who require intravenous antimicrobial (IVA) treatment may receive this in the community through outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) services. Services include: IVA administration at a hospital outpatient clinic (HO); IVA administration at home by a general nurse (GN) or a specialist nurse (SN); or patient self-administered (SA) IVA administration following training. There is uncertainty regarding which OPAT services represent value for money; this study aimed to estimate their cost-effectiveness.

Clinical and cost-effectiveness, safety and acceptability of ommunity ntraenous ntibiotic ervice models: CIVAS systematic review.

Objective: Evaluate evidence of the efficacy, safety, acceptability and cost-effectiveness of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) models.

Design: A systematic review.

Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, National Health Service (NHS) Economic Evaluation Database (EED), Research Papers in Economics (RePEc), Tufts Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) Registry, Health Business Elite, Health Information Management Consortium (HMIC), Web of Science Proceedings, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy website.

Predictors of vitamin D status in pregnant women in New Zealand.

Introduction: Newborn vitamin D status is largely determined by maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy. New Zealand has a sun avoidance health policy and minimal dietary vitamin D fortification. Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration <50 nmol/L) is present in 57% of a sample of newborns from Christchurch and Wellington.

Community IntraVenous Antibiotic Study (CIVAS): protocol for an evaluation of patient preferences for and cost-effectiveness of community intravenous antibiotic services.

Introduction: Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is used to treat a wide range of infections, and is common practice in countries such as the USA and Australia. In the UK, national guidelines (standards of care) for OPAT services have been developed to act as a benchmark for clinical monitoring and quality. However, the availability of OPAT services in the UK is still patchy and until quite recently was available only in specialist centres.

Risk factors for emergency presentation with lung and colorectal cancers: a systematic review.

Objective: To identify patient and practitioner factors that influence cancer diagnosis via emergency presentation (EP).

Design: Systematic review.

Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, EBM Reviews, Science and Social Sciences Citation Indexes, Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science and Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Social Science and Humanities.

The role of primary care in cancer diagnosis via emergency presentation: qualitative synthesis of significant event reports.

Background: Patients diagnosed with cancer in the context of an emergency presentation (EP) have poorer outcomes. It is often assumed that such patients present to the emergency department without consulting their general practitioner (GP). Little work has been done to identify primary care involvement before hospital attendance.

Is increased time to diagnosis and treatment in symptomatic cancer associated with poorer outcomes? Systematic review.

Background: It is unclear whether more timely cancer diagnosis brings favourable outcomes, with much of the previous evidence, in some cancers, being equivocal. We set out to determine whether there is an association between time to diagnosis, treatment and clinical outcomes, across all cancers for symptomatic presentations.

Methods: Systematic review of the literature and narrative synthesis.

Predictors of anxiety and depression in people with colorectal cancer.

Background: People living with colorectal cancer are at risk of anxiety and depression. We investigated what factors were most highly associated with these.

Methods: Four hundred and ninety-six people with colorectal cancer completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).

Methods to improve recruitment to randomised controlled trials: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis.

Unlabelled: This review is an abridged version of a Cochrane Review previously published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 4, Art. No.: MR000013 DOI: 10.

Understanding diagnosis of lung cancer in primary care: qualitative synthesis of significant event audit reports.

Background: Most lung cancers present symptomatically, but the pathway to diagnosis in primary care can be complex and is poorly understood. Significant event audit (SEA) is a quality improvement technique widely used in UK general practice.

Aim: To gain insights into the diagnostic process for lung cancer, drawn from analysis of SEA documents.

Auditory evoked arousal responses of 3-month-old infants exposed to methamphetamine in utero: a nap study.

Aim: To investigate whether or not infants exposed to methamphetamine prenatally have impaired arousal responses from sleep.

Methods: The polygraphic nap studies involved 42 infants aged 3 months exposed to methamphetamine in utero and a comparison group of 57 infants. A proportion of mothers in both groups smoked cigarettes and/or marijuana and drank alcohol during pregnancy.

Beckwith Wiedemann imprinting defect found in leucocyte but not buccal DNA in a child born small for gestational age.

Background: Loss of methylation (LOM) at imprinting control region (ICR) 1 or LOM at ICR 2 on chromosome 11p15 in leucocyte DNA is commonly used to diagnose the imprinting disorders Silver Russell syndrome (SRS) characterized by growth restriction or Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) characterized by overgrowth, respectively.

Case Presentation: A child was normally conceived and born by caesarian section to a healthy 19 year old smoking mother (G2P1) at 38 weeks gestation, with SGA (birthweight SDS -2.44), placenta weight 250g (normal histology), with an umbilical hernia and transient neonatal hypoglycemia but no other features of BWS.

Time trends and risk factors for rhinoconjunctivitis in New Zealand children: an International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) survey.

Aim: To investigate prevalence, time trends and factors associated with rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis not related to acute infections in New Zealand.

Methods: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) surveyed children aged 6-7 and 13-14 years for symptoms of these conditions. Five New Zealand centres were surveyed on two occasions (Phase One and Phase Three) 8-10 years apart.

Reanalyses of case-control studies examining the temporal association between sudden infant death syndrome and vaccination.

In this paper we examine different time periods after vaccinations and investigate whether the risk of sudden infant death is different during the post-vaccination period than at other times. Three already published case-control studies are re-examined in this context. Several evaluation approaches are presented.

Association between maternal sleep practices and risk of late stillbirth: a case-control study.

Objectives: To determine whether snoring, sleep position, and other sleep practices in pregnant women are associated with risk of late stillbirth.

Design: Prospective population based case-control study.

Setting: Auckland, New Zealand

Cases: 155 women with a singleton late stillbirth (≥ 28 weeks' gestation) without congenital abnormality born between July 2006 and June 2009 and booked to deliver in Auckland.

A structural study of norovirus 3C protease specificity: binding of a designed active site-directed peptide inhibitor.

Noroviruses are the major cause of human epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Viral replication requires a 3C cysteine protease that cleaves a 200 kDa viral polyprotein into its constituent functional proteins. Here we describe the X-ray structure of the Southampton norovirus 3C protease (SV3CP) bound to an active site-directed peptide inhibitor (MAPI) which has been refined at 1.

Getting tangled in red tape: the challenges of doing clinical research in New Zealand.

Regulations and the number of forms that require completion remain a major frustration for researchers attempting to establish a clinical research project. It is essential that clinical research is of the highest standard and abides by ethical principles. However, the duplication of information required and lack of co-ordination between national and local ethics and research committees is a hindrance to conducting clinical research.

Obesity and diabetes genes are associated with being born small for gestational age: results from the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative study.

Background: Individuals born small for gestational age (SGA) are at increased risk of rapid postnatal weight gain, later obesity and diseases in adulthood such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Environmental risk factors for SGA are well established and include smoking, low pregnancy weight, maternal short stature, maternal diet, ethnic origin of mother and hypertension. However, in a large proportion of SGA, no underlying cause is evident, and these individuals may have a larger genetic contribution.

Risk factors for delayed presentation and referral of symptomatic cancer: evidence for common cancers.

Background: It has been suggested that the known poorer survival from cancer in the United Kingdom, compared with other European countries, can be attributed to more advanced cancer stage at presentation. There is, therefore, a need to understand the diagnostic process, and to ascertain the risk factors for increased time to presentation.

Methods: We report the results from two worldwide systematic reviews of the literature on patient-mediated and practitioner-mediated delays, identifying the factors that may influence these.