Retinal Input to Macaque Superior Colliculus Derives from Branching Axons Projecting to the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus.

The superior colliculus receives a direct projection from retinal ganglion cells. In primates, it remains unknown if the same ganglion cells also supply the lateral geniculate nucleus. To address this issue, a double-label experiment was performed in two male macaques.

Permanent transduction of retinal ganglion cells by rAAV2-retro.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is widely used as a vector for delivery of gene therapy. Long term therapeutic benefit depends on perpetual expression of the wild-type gene after transduction of host cells by AAV. To address this issue in a mass population of identified single cells, 4 rats received an injection of a 1:1 mixture of rAAV2-retro-hSyn-EGFP and rAAV2-retro-hSyn-mCherry into each superior colliculus.

Quotidian Profile of Vergence Angle in Ambulatory Subjects Monitored With Wearable Eye Tracking Glasses.

Purpose: Wearable eye trackers record gaze position as ambulatory subjects navigate their environment. Tobii Pro Glasses 3 were tested to assess their accuracy and precision in the measurement of vergence angle.

Methods: Four subjects wore the eye tracking glasses, with their head stabilized, while fixating at a series of distances corresponding to vergence demands of: 0.

Decussating axons segregate within the anterior core of the primate optic chiasm.

Background: The axons of ganglion cells in the nasal retina decussate at the optic chiasm. It is unclear why tumours cause more injury to crossing nasal fibres, thereby giving rise to temporal visual field loss in each eye. To address this issue, the course of fibres through the optic chiasm was examined following injection of a different fluorescent tracer into each eye of a monkey.

Fundus imaging of retinal ganglion cells transduced by retrograde transport of rAAV2-retro.

Access of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to ganglion cells following intravitreal injection for gene therapy is impeded by the internal limiting membrane of the retina. As an alternative, one could transduce ganglion cells via retrograde transport after virus injection into a retinal target nucleus. It is unknown if recombinant AAV2-retro (rAAV2-retro), a variant of AAV2 developed specifically for retrograde transport, is capable of transducing retinal ganglion cells.

Columnar and Laminar Segregation of Retinal Input to the Primate Superior Colliculus Revealed by Anterograde Tracer Injection Into Each Eye.

Purpose: After the lateral geniculate nucleus, the superior colliculus is the richest target of retinal projections in primates. Hubel et al. used tritium autoradiography to show that axon terminals emanating from one eye form irregular columns in the stratum griseum superficiale.

Dichoptic visual field mapping of suppression in exotropia with homonymous hemianopia.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate which portions of the visual scene are perceived by each eye in an exotropic subject with acquired hemianopia. The pattern of suppression is predictable from knowledge of how suppression scotomas are organized in exotropic subjects with intact visual fields.

Methods: Dichoptic perimetry was performed by having a subject wear red/blue goggles while fixating a cross that was either red or blue.

Interocular suppression in primary visual cortex in strabismus: impact of staggering the presentation of stimuli to the eyes.

Diplopia (double vision) in strabismus is prevented by suppression of the image emanating from one eye. In a recent study conducted in two macaques raised with exotropia (an outward ocular deviation) but having normal acuity in each eye, simultaneous display of stimuli to each eye did not induce suppression in V1 neurons. Puzzled by this negative result, we have modified our protocol to display stimuli in a staggered sequence, rather than simultaneously.

A Plastic-neuro Effort: Vascularized Soft-tissue Coverage for Hostile Wound Bed with Multiple Ventricular Shunt Failures.

Cerebral ventricular shunt placements are the most common neurosurgical procedure performed today, which play a life-long role in the care of patients with hydrocephalus. Complication rates requiring shunt replacement are as high as 25%, and the potential need for multiple revisions throughout a patient's life may result in the formation of scar tissue and compromised wound healing. Without addition of vascularized tissue, patients with scalp scarring and impaired wound healing then enter a cycle of impaired skin closure followed by shunt infection, failure, and revision with little promise of long-term operative or therapeutic success.

Comparison of the Pedicled Latissimus Dorsi Flap with Immediate Fat Transfer versus Abdominally Based Free Tissue Transfer for Breast Reconstruction.

Background: Abdominally based free tissue transfer (FTT) and latissimus dorsi and immediate fat transfer (LIFT) procedures are both fully autologous options for breast reconstruction. The former is specialized and requires comfort with microsurgical technique, whereas LIFT combines a common set of techniques familiar to all plastic surgeons. Comparing the two methods for clinical effectiveness and complications for equivalency in outcomes may help elucidate and enhance patient decision-making.

Saccade Strategy in Alternating Exotropia.

Patient with exotropia frequently alternate fixation, looking at something with one eye and then switching their attention to acquire a new target with the other eye. Which eye informs the brain about the location of the new target? To address this issue, we presented targets dichoptically to 16 exotropes that were visible to the fixating eye, the deviated eye, or to both eyes. We then compared the subjects' choice of eye for target acquisition with the organization of their suppression scotomas.

Vertical Optokinetic Stimulation Induces Diagonal Eye Movements in Patients with Idiopathic Infantile Nystagmus.

Purpose: In patients with early ocular misalignment and nystagmus, vertical optokinetic stimulation reportedly increases the horizontal component of the nystagmus present during fixation, resulting in diagonal eye movements. We tested patients with infantile nystagmus syndrome but normal ocular alignment to determine if this crosstalk depends on strabismus.

Methods: Eye movements were recorded in seven patients with infantile nystagmus.

Analysis of Chest Masculinization Surgery Results in Female-to-Male Transgender Patients: Demonstrating High Satisfaction beyond Aesthetic Outcomes Using Advanced Linguistic Analyzer Technology and Social Media.

Unlabelled: Satisfaction rates are reported as high after subcutaneous mastectomy for chest masculinization. We examined patient satisfaction based on linguistic analysis of social media posts showing postoperative results and compared them to aesthetic quality ratings from plastic surgeons.

Methods: Fifty publicly available images of subcutaneous mastectomy postoperative results of female-to-male gender transition patients were selected from Instagram.

Society of pediatric liver transplantation: Current registry status 2011-2018.

Background: SPLIT was founded in 1995 in order to collect comprehensive prospective data on pediatric liver transplantation, including waiting list data, transplant, and early and late outcomes. Since 2011, data collection of the current registry has been refined to focus on prospective data and outcomes only after transplant to serve as a foundation for the future development of targeted clinical studies.

Objective: To report the outcomes of the SPLIT registry from 2011 to 2018.

Are We Witnessing a Paradigm Shift?: A Systematic Review of Social Media in Residency.

Unlabelled: As social media's applications continue to evolve, the pitfalls and dangers associated with misuse have been accentuated in the literature. Consequently, academic institutions across the nation have implemented social media policies. This study is aimed to evaluate the state of social media literature examining postgraduate trainees (residents/fellows).