Pretreatment and Acquired Drug Resistance in Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Jos, Nigeria.

We determined pretreatment and acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance among children with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) in Jos, Nigeria. The majority (71%) of those who failed first-line antiretroviral therapy were on a nevirapine-containing regimen. The prevalence of pretreatment (48%) and acquired (76%) HIV drug resistance mutations was high in our study.

Diagnosis of paediatric TB using Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra on fresh respiratory samples.

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Ultra) on fresh respiratory samples for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB (PTB) in children. Between July 2017 and December 2019, children with presumed TB were prospectively enrolled at clinical sites in three African countries. Children were assessed using history, physical examination and chest X-ray.

Immunization status of children 1-5 years old seen at the Emergency Pediatric Unit of a Teaching Hospital in North-Central Nigeria.

Introduction: Advocacy for immunization has been ongoing in various parts of the world to improve immunization uptake amongst children. Annually within the last decade, immunization has been reported to avert over two million deaths globally. This study determined the current immunization status of children 1-5 years of age, the factors affecting immunization uptake and recommends ways of improving immunization uptake among children presenting at an Emergency Pediatric Unit (EPU).

Improving the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis using line probe assay and determining the factors associated with the disease in children in Jos, Nigeria.

Introduction: Diagnosing tuberculosis (TB), including pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), in children remains a challenge, partly due to its paucibacillary nature in young children. Data on the use of line probe assay (LPA), on gastric and sputum samples, for diagnosing PTB in children are scarce. We determined the proportion of samples positive for (MTB) by smear microscopy (SM) and LPA in presumptive PTB cases as well as the factors associated with PTB confirmed by LPA, in children in Jos, Nigeria.

Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV-1-infected children on antiretroviral therapy in Jos, Nigeria.

Background: There are few studies investigating the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in HIV-1-infected children on antiretroviral therapy (ART), but no data from Nigeria. This study determined the prevalence of LTBI in HIV-1-infected children on ART in our clinic. Knowing the prevalence and thus the burden of LTBI could help improve HIV care by enabling targeted isoniazid (INH) prophylaxis.

Long Term Exposure to Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate-Containing Antiretroviral Therapy Is Associated with Renal Impairment in an African Cohort of HIV-Infected Adults.

Objectives And Method: There are growing concerns of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-associated renal toxicity. We evaluated the effect of long-term TDF exposure on renal function in a cohort of HIV-1-infected Nigerians between 2006 and 2015. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors of renal impairment at different time over 144 weeks of antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Lassa fever outbreak in adolescents in North Central Nigeria: report of cases.

Background: Lassa fever (LF) is a viral haemorrhagic fever endemic to West Africa. The clinical presentation and course is variable, making diagnosis difficult.

Aim: To report the outbreak and identify the common clinical presentations of LF in paediatric patients in Jos, Plateau State, North Central, Nigeria.

Changes in the haematological parameters of HIV-1 infected children at 6 and 12 months of antiretroviral therapy in a large clinic cohort, North-Central Nigeria.

Background: Prior to commencing antiretroviral therapy (ART), haematological abnormalities are a common occurrence in individuals diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the course of receiving ART, these abnormalities usually improve. We determined the prevalence of haematological abnormalities in children diagnosed with HIV-1 and the changes in haematological parameters that occur after 6 and 12 months of being on ART.

Serum lipid and glucose profiles in HIV-positive Nigerian children.

Objectives: To describe the fasting serum lipid and glucose profiles of HIV-positive Nigerian children and determine the prevalence and risk factors for dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia, which are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.

Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study carried out at the Paediatric Infectious Disease Clinic (PIDC) of the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) for HIV-positive children and at two primary schools in Jos for HIV-negative children as controls. One hundred and forty-two HIV-positive children aged 6-18 years and an equal number of controls were studied by determining their fasting serum lipid and glucose levels.

Molecular characterization of in children aged 0- 5 years with diarrhea in Jos, Nigeria.

Introduction: is an important cause of diarrhea in children and immune-compromised individuals. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics have led to the discovery of subtype families that are thought to be more commonly associated with diarrhea. We aimed to isolate and characterize spp among children with diarrhea in Jos, Nigeria.

Demographic and clinical correlates of HIV-1 RNA levels in antiretroviral therapy-naive adults attending a tertiary hospital in Jos, Nigeria.

Background: Plasma HIV-RNA viral load (VL) of HIV-infected persons is an important prognostic factor in HIV management. We determined the VL among antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive patients to identify the association between patients' demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics with VL.

Method: A cross-sectional study of 224 ART-naive HIV-1-infected patients (≥15 years of age) accessing care at the Jos University Teaching Hospital AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria ART treatment centre, from October 2010 to April 2011.

Mortality among pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV-1 co-infected Nigerian children being treated for pulmonary tuberculosis and on antiretroviral therapy: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: Mortality data, including the risk factors for mortality in HIV-infected children with pulmonary TB (PTB) being treated for PTB and who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART), are scarce in Nigeria. We determined the mortality rate and risk factors for mortality among such children, at the pediatric HIV clinic of the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) in Jos, Nigeria.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study on 260 PTB-HIV-1 co-infected children, aged 2 months to 13 years, being treated for PTB and on ART from July 2005 to March 2013.

Implementation and 8-year follow-up of an uninterrupted oxygen supply system in a hospital in The Gambia.

Setting: A 42-bed hospital operated by the Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit in The Gambia.

Objective: To devise, test and evaluate a cost-efficient uninterrupted oxygen system in the MRC Hospital.

Design: Oxygen cylinders were replaced with oxygen concentrators as the primary source of oxygen.

Prevalence of and risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis among newly diagnosed HIV-1 infected Nigerian children.

Introduction: Studies on the prevalence of and risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) among newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children in sub-Saharan Africa are scarce and in Nigeria there is paucity of reported data. We determined the prevalence of and risk factors for pulmonary TB (PTB) in newly diagnosed (treatment-naïve) HIV-1 infected children at the pediatric HIV clinic of the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) in Nigeria.

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 876 children, aged 2 months - 13 years, diagnosed with HIV-1 infection between July 2005 and December 2012, of which 286 were diagnosed with PTB at presentation after TB screening.

Antituberculosis drugs and hepatotoxicity among hospitalized patients in Jos, Nigeria.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) could be fatal if left untreated, however, adverse effects of anti-TB medications (anti-TBs) themselves may limit treatment. We determined the incidence and clinical characteristics of hepatotoxicity in hospitalized patients receiving first-line anti-TB treatment.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study of patients aged ⩾18years seen at the medical wards of the Jos University Teaching Hospital from January 2013 to June 2013 was carried out.

Plasmodium Infection Is Associated with Impaired Hepatic Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase Activity and Disruption of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor/Substrate Homeostasis.

Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) signaling may contribute to pathological activation of the vascular endothelium during severe malaria infection. Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) regulates endothelial NO synthesis by maintaining homeostasis between asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, and arginine, the NOS substrate. We carried out a community-based case-control study of Gambian children to determine whether ADMA and arginine homeostasis is disrupted during severe or uncomplicated malaria infections.

Incidence and predictors of adverse drug events in an African cohort of HIV-infected adults treated with efavirenz.

Introduction: Adverse drug reactions associated with efavirenz (EFV) therapy are poorly described beyond the first year of treatment. We aimed to describe the incidence and predictors of EFV-related adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in a cohort of adult Nigerian HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Methods: This retrospective cohort study utilized clinical data of HIV-1 infected adults (aged ≥15 years), commenced on efavirenz containing-regimen between January 2004 and December 2011.

Mother-to-Child Transmission Outcomes of HIV-Exposed Infants Followed Up in Jos North-Central Nigeria.

Objective: Since 2010, Nigeria has adopted World Health Organization (WHO) 'Option B' which requires administration of triple antiretroviral prophylaxis or treatment (ART) to all HIVinfected pregnant women. We studied the transmission outcomes of HIV-exposed children up to 18 months of age.

Design: This was a retrospective, observational study of HIV-infected pregnant women and their exposed infants who accessed prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) services at Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, North-central Nigeria.

Treatment Discontinuation in Adult HIV-Infected Patients on First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in Nigeria.

Background: Retention in care and treatment services is critical to health outcomes of individuals diagnosed and living with HIV. We evaluated the incidence of and risk factors for treatment discontinuation (TD) in a large adult HIV population on ART in Nigeria.

Method: A retrospective cohort study of adult HIV patients initiated on first-line ART between 2004 and 2011 at the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) in Nigeria.

Factors associated with antiretroviral treatment interruption in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected children attending the Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

Background: Interrupting anti-retroviral therapy (ART) for any number of reasons is an indication of a compromised adherence to ART. Several factors, including the pill burden from other drugs used in treating co-infections in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), may influence ART adherence. The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with ART interruption in HIV-1-infected children.

Patterns and Predictors of First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy Modification in HIV-1-Infected Adults in a Large Urban Outpatient Cohort in Nigeria.

Objective: We described the magnitude, type, and factors associated with first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) modification in HIV-1-infected adults on ART in Jos, Nigeria.

Method: Data on 6309 patients initiated on first-line ART between January 2004 and December 2006 were analyzed retrospectively. Factors predictive of modification to initial ART were assessed by chi-square and multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Predictors of Mortality in a Clinic Cohort of HIV-1 Infected Children Initiated on Antiretroviral Therapy in Jos, Nigeria.

Background: Mortality among human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infected children initiated on antiretroviral therapy (ART) though on a decline still remains high in resource-limited countries (RLC). Identifying baseline factors that predict mortality could allow their possible modification in order to improve pediatric HIV care and reduce mortality.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study analyzing data on 691 children, aged 2 months-15 years, diagnosed with HIV-1 infection and initiated on ART between July 2005 and March 2013 at the pediatric HIV clinic of Jos University Teaching Hospital.

Predictors of hyperlactataemia among children presenting with malaria in a low transmission area in The Gambia.

Background: Hyperlactataemia and metabolic acidosis are important risk factors for malaria death, but measuring lactate at the point of care is not financially viable in many resource-poor settings. This study aimed to identify combinations of routinely available parameters that could identify children at high risk of hyperlactataemia.

Methods: Using data from a study of Gambian children aged six months to 16 years with severe or uncomplicated malaria, logistic regression modelling with a forward stepwise model selection process was used to develop a predictive model for hyperlactataemia from routinely available demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters.

HMOX1 gene promoter alleles and high HO-1 levels are associated with severe malaria in Gambian children.

Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is an essential enzyme induced by heme and multiple stimuli associated with critical illness. In humans, polymorphisms in the HMOX1 gene promoter may influence the magnitude of HO-1 expression. In many diseases including murine malaria, HO-1 induction produces protective anti-inflammatory effects, but observations from patients suggest these may be limited to a narrow range of HO-1 induction, prompting us to investigate the role of HO-1 in malaria infection.