The gene Glu490Asp polymorphism (rs1049434) is associated with endurance athlete status, lower blood lactate accumulation and higher maximum oxygen uptake.

The purpose of this study was to explore the association of the MCT1 gene Glu490Asp polymorphism (rs1049434) with athletic status and performance of endurance athletes. A total of 1,208 Brazilians (318 endurance athletes and 890 non-athletes) and 867 Europeans (315 endurance athletes and 552 non-athletes) were evaluated in a case-control approach. Brazilian participants were classified based on self-declared ethnicity to test whether the polymorphism was different between Caucasians and Afro-descendants.

[Polymorphism of Uncoupling Protein Genes in Football Players: Investigation of the Functional Role.].

We studied the polymorphism of uncoupling protein genes (families UCPI, 2 and 3) and FTO gene in football players and compared the results with the data obtained in non-sportsmen. All these genes encode the proteins that take part in the regulation of body weight. However, we observed an increased percentage of the carriers of "sparing" allele of the UCP3 gene; the allele frequency of other studied genes showed the same tendency.

Genome-wide association study identifies three novel genetic markers associated with elite endurance performance.

To investigate the association between multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), aerobic performance and elite endurance athlete status in Russians. By using GWAS approach, we examined the association between 1,140,419 SNPs and relative maximal oxygen consumption rate ([Formula: see text]O2max) in 80 international-level Russian endurance athletes (46 males and 34 females). To validate obtained results, we further performed case-control studies by comparing the frequencies of the most significant SNPs (with P < 10(-5)-10(-8)) between 218 endurance athletes and opposite cohorts (192 Russian controls, 1367 European controls, and 230 Russian power athletes).

[The physiological analysis of cross adaptation to regular cold exposure and physical activities].

Research is devoted to the comparative analysis of results of cold adaptation and physical training. The adaptive shifts occurring in an organism under the influence of a hardening (douche by a cold shower 2 times a day 2 minutes long within 6 weeks) and running training on the treadmill (30 minutes at 70-80% of individual VO2max, 3 times a week, within 6 weeks) were compared at 6 the same subjects. The interval between the two cycles of training was no less than 3 months.

[Effect of training on treadmill performance, aerobic capacity and body reactions to acute cold exposure].

An attempt was made to test the hypothesis that regular physical activity at the anaerobic threshold is able to stimulate an increase in the amount of body fat brown or beige, which can manifest itself in increasing lactate utilization during exercise and increase the reactivity in response to acute regional cooling. The methods used are: ramp test, regional acute cold exposure, measurement of gas exchange, lactate and glucose in the blood, heart rate, and heart rate variability, blood pressure and respiration variability at rest and during standard functional tests; infrared thermal imaging, statistical methods of results analysis. Workout 10 physically active volunteers (7 males and 3 females) on a treadmill at a speed corresponding to 75-80% of the persona VO2max for 30 minutes 3 times per week at a fixed ambient temperature 21-22°C for 6 weeks resulted in a significant (from 19 to 39%) increase in test work duration but VO2max on average changed little.

AGTR2 gene polymorphism is associated with muscle fibre composition, athletic status and aerobic performance.

Muscle fibre type is a heritable trait and can partly predict athletic success. It has been proposed that polymorphisms of genes involved in the regulation of muscle fibre characteristics may predispose the muscle precursor cells of a given individual to be predominantly fast or slow. In the present study, we examined the association between 15 candidate gene polymorphisms and muscle fibre type composition of the vastus lateralis muscle in 55 physically active, healthy men.

[Physiological effects of ultra-marathon run].

We investigated the performance of vegetative systems of the body, and gas exchange in the implementation of one athlete (master of skiing, 27 years, MaxVO2 = 67 ml/min/kg) during 6 hours ultra-marathon race in a closed stadium at an average speed of 2.7 m/s. Continuous monitoring of heart rate was carried out using the heart rate monitor Polar RS 800.

[Skin temperature and lactate threshold during muscle work in sportsmen].

The purpose of the investigation was to estimate change of a thermal condition of an organism during exhausting work (maximal aerobic test) on cycle ergometer on the basis of studying of dynamics of temperature of a forehead skin. Regularly training 20 men have taken part in the research--sportsmen of various specializations (skiers, rock-climbers, boxers, etc.).

[Clusters structure of psychomotor and coordination sphere of primary school children].

The main objective of our research is characterization of various motor profiles among primary school age children. We examined 89 Moscow schoolchildren of 8-10 years old, not involved in sports. We analyzed 25 indices from psychomotor, psychophysiologic, posturography and locomotor testing during our research.

[Homeostatic non-shivering thermogenesis in man: facts and speculations].

In this review it is considered up-to date researches of different forms of non-shivering thermogenesis that related to thermoregulatory and substrate homeostasis. Term "homeostatic non-shivering thermogenesis (HNST)" is proposed for explanation of facultative heat production stimulated by cold exposure, food intake and accumulation of lactate during intensive muscle load. There are common and different features of physiological activity displayed in three HNST types.

[Human temperature portrait and its relations with aerobic working capacity and the level of blood lactate].

In study with participation of 53 healthy men volunteers and infra-red thermograph application we obtained data confirming thermal portrait (i.e. skin temperature distribution in muscle rest conditions with minimal thermoregulatory activation) interrelations with maximal aerobic capacity (r = +0.

Effect of a six-hour marathon ultra-race on the levels of IL-6, LIF, and SCF.

The effects of 6-h marathon ultra-race (long aerobic work below the lactate threshold level) on the levels of IL-6, leukemia inhibiting factor (LIF), and stem cell growth factor (SCF) were studied. The athletes participating in the study had different endurance levels evaluated by the distance covered over 6 h. The level of IL-6 sharply increased after exercise.

Changed profile of splicing regulator genes expression in response to exercise.

Intensive exercise triggers the cascade processes of body adaptation, including modulation of splisosome functioning, and can lead to modification of its activity and choice of alternative exons. We studied the effect of exercise of the maximum aerobic power on activation of transcription of genes involved in the splicing process. Short-term exercise resulted in a significant increase of mRNA expression of genes encoding proteins involved in the formation of precatalytic splisosome: DDX17, DDX46, HNRNPR, PRPF4B, and SRPK2.

Relationship between the degree of cardiovascular adaptation and Th1/Th2 polarization of immune response.

The main parameters of humoral immunity during medium intensity exercise were studied in oarsmen with high and low cardiovascular adaptation. A relationship between high cardiovascular adaptation to exercise and immune response polarization by the Th2 mechanism was demonstrated. Increased production of IL-10 in response to physical stress plays a key role in this relationship.

Free testosterone as marker of adaptation to medium-intensive exercise.

A 4-week study of adaptation reserves of the body was carried out during medium intensive exercise (medium intensive training: 60-80% threshold anaerobic metabolism). Two groups of athletes were singled out by the results of pulsometry analysis: with less than 20% work duration at the level above the 80% threshold anaerobic metabolism and with more than 20% work duration at the level above 80% threshold anaerobic metabolism. No appreciable differences between the concentrations of total testosterone, growth hormone, and cortisol before and after exercise in the groups with different percentage of anaerobic work duration were detected.

[Modulation of cardiac rhythms in humans exposed to extremely weak alternating magnetic fields].

The influence of extremely weak alternating magnetic fields (EW AMF) with amplitudes of < or = 2 microT on the heart rate variability in humans has been studied. The volunteers were placed in a large- volume square coils system (2x2x2 m), which provided the exposure of the whole body to extremely weak alternating magnetic fields homogeneous in amplitude. It was shown that the exposure of volunteers to different types of extremely weak alternating magnetic fields can both increase and decrease the magnitude of stress.