Sibling violence: Understanding experiences, impacts, and the need for nuanced responses.

Sibling violence is an under-researched field, and the impact of adolescent family violence (AFV) in particular on siblings is not yet well understood. The Australian study Investigating Adolescent Family Violence in Victoria elicited responses from siblings who had experienced AFV from their brothers or sisters, as well as reflections from parents and practitioners on the difficulties of addressing AFV directed towards siblings. This article explores characteristics of sibling violence identified in this study, impacts of the violence on siblings, parents, and families, and responses to sibling violence in Victoria, Australia.

Point-of-care blood analyzers measure the nutritional state of eighteen free-living bird species.

Point-of-care devices offer the potential to democratize a suite of physiological endpoints and assess the nutritional state of wild animals through plasma metabolite profiling. Measurements of plasma metabolites typically occur on frozen tissue in the laboratory, thus dissociating measurements from field observations. Point-of-care devices, widely used in veterinary and human medicine, provide rapid results (seconds or minutes) allowing in situ measurements of wild animals in remote areas without the need for access to freezers.

Antimicrobial anaphylaxis: the changing face of severe antimicrobial allergy.

Objectives: The epidemiology, clinical characteristics and outcomes of antimicrobial-associated anaphylaxis remain ill-defined. We sought to examine antimicrobial anaphylaxis with regard to: (i) the frequency of implicated antimicrobials; (ii) attributable mortality; and (iii) referral for definitive allergy assessment.

Methods: This was conducted through a national retrospective multicentre cohort study at five Australian tertiary hospitals (January 2010 to December 2015).

Huffin' and puffin: seabirds use large bills to dissipate heat from energetically demanding flight.

Endothermic animals regulate body temperature by balancing metabolic heat production and heat exchange with the environment. Heat dissipation is especially important during and immediately after demanding activities such as flapping flight, the most energetically expensive mode of locomotion. As uninsulated appendages, bird bills present a potential avenue for efficient heat dissipation.

Next-generation sequencing for the diagnosis of MYH9-RD: Predicting pathogenic variants.

The heterogeneous manifestations of MYH9-related disorder (MYH9-RD), characterized by macrothrombocytopenia, Döhle-like inclusion bodies in leukocytes, bleeding of variable severity with, in some cases, ear, eye, kidney, and liver involvement, make the diagnosis for these patients still challenging in clinical practice. We collected phenotypic data and analyzed the genetic variants in more than 3,000 patients with a bleeding or platelet disorder. Patients were enrolled in the BRIDGE-BPD and ThromboGenomics Projects and their samples processed by high throughput sequencing (HTS).

EACR Cancer Genomics 2019 conference: from tumour evolution to personalised immunotherapy.

Recent advances in cancer genomics are revolutionising our understanding of the genetic basis of tumour proliferation and of the impact of the immune system and microbiome in drug response. The 4th Cancer Genomics conference hosted by the European Association for Cancer Research covered breakthroughs in this field such as the search for novel cancer antigens and single-cell mapping of tumour evolution. This report focuses on the novel insights obtained from a variety of research groups under the banner of cancer genomics, as well as some insights of the general discussions held at the conference focussing on setting up a successful laboratory and possible alternatives in the scientific career.

Intragenomic variability and extended sequence patterns in the mutational signature of ultraviolet light.

Mutational signatures can reveal properties of underlying mutational processes and are important when assessing signals of selection in cancer. Here, we describe the sequence characteristics of mutations induced by ultraviolet (UV) light, a major mutagen in several human cancers, in terms of extended (longer than trinucleotide) patterns as well as variability of the signature across chromatin states. Promoter regions display a distinct UV signature with reduced TCG > TTG transitions, and genome-wide mapping of UVB-induced DNA photoproducts (pyrimidine dimers) showed that this may be explained by decreased damage formation at hypomethylated promoter CpG sites.

Stress-specific aggregation of proteins in the amyloid bodies.

Physiological amyloid aggregation occurs within the nuclei of stress-treated cells. These structures, termed Amyloid bodies (A-bodies), assemble through the rapid accumulation of proteins into dense membrane-less organelles, which possess the same biophysical properties as plaques observed in many amyloid-based diseases. Here, we demonstrate that A-body proteomic compositions vary significantly between stimuli, as constituent proteins can be sequestered by one or more stressors.

Muscle myonuclear domain, but not oxidative stress, decreases with age in a long-lived seabird with high activity costs.

In birds, many physiological parameters appear to remain constant with increasing age, showing no deterioration until 'catastrophic' mortality sets in. Given their high whole-organism metabolic rate and the importance of flight in foraging and predator avoidance, flight muscle deterioration and accumulated oxidative stress and tissue deterioration may be an important contributor to physiological senescence in wild birds. As a by-product of aerobic respiration, reactive oxygen species are produced and can cause structural damage within cells.

Elevated risk of invasive group A streptococcal disease and host genetic variation in the human leucocyte antigen locus.

Invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) disease is uncommon but carries a high case-fatality rate relative to other infectious diseases. Given the ubiquity of mild GAS infections, it remains unclear why healthy individuals will occasionally develop life-threatening infections, raising the possibility of host genetic predisposition. Here, we present the results of a case-control study including 43 invasive GAS cases and 1540 controls.

Value-entanglement and the integrity of scientific research.

Throughout much of the 20th century, philosophers of science maintained a position known as the value-free ideal, which holds that non-epistemic (e.g., moral, social, political, or economic) values should not influence the evaluation and acceptance of scientific results.

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis After a Possible Inadvertent Dural Puncture for Labor Epidural Analgesia.

Pregnancy is a hypercoagulable state that increases the risk of thrombotic complications. A 32-year-old gravida 4 para 3 (G4P3) had a dural puncture during epidural catheter placement for labor analgesia. A positional headache started after delivery and continued for several days.

Making Open Science Work for Science and Society.

Background: The open science movement is transforming scientific practice with the goal of enhancing the transparency, productivity, and reproducibility of research. Nevertheless, transparency is a complex concept, and efforts to promote some forms of transparency may do relatively little to advance other important forms of transparency.

Objectives: Drawing from the literature in history, philosophy, and sociology of science, we aim to distinguish between different forms of scientific transparency.

Team climate mediates the effect of diversity on environmental science team satisfaction and data sharing.

Scientific research-especially high-impact research-is increasingly being performed in teams that are interdisciplinary and demographically diverse. Nevertheless, very little research has investigated how the climate on these diverse science teams affects data sharing or the experiences of their members. To address these gaps, we conducted a quantitative study of 266 scientists from 105 NSF-funded interdisciplinary environmental science teams.

Topologically correct central projections of tetrapod inner ear afferents require Fzd3.

Inner ear sensory afferent connections establish sensory maps between the inner ear hair cells and the vestibular and auditory nuclei to allow vestibular and sound information processing. While molecular guidance of sensory afferents to the periphery has been well studied, molecular guidance of central projections from the ear is only beginning to emerge. Disorganized central projections of spiral ganglion neurons in a Wnt/PCP pathway mutant, Prickle1, suggest the Wnt/PCP pathway plays a role in guiding cochlear afferents to the cochlear nuclei in the hindbrain, consistent with known expression of the Wnt receptor, Frizzled3 (Fzd3) in inner ear neurons.

Flight costs in volant vertebrates: A phylogenetically-controlled meta-analysis of birds and bats.

Flight costs play an important role in determining the behavior, ecology, and physiology of birds and bats. Mechanical flight costs can be estimated from aerodynamics. However, measured metabolic flight costs (oxygen consumption rate) are less accurately predicted by flight theory, either because of (1) variation in flight efficiency across species, (2) variation in how basal costs interact with flight costs or (3) methodological biases.

Occurrence of horizontal transmission in layer chickens after administration of an in ovo strain F Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine1,2,3.

In ovo vaccination is currently being considered as a means of delivery for live Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccines. This study was performed to determine the transmissibility of strain F MG (FMG) from in ovo-vaccinated chicks to non-vaccinated pen mates. Eggs from an MG clean flock were incubated together for 18 D, at which point all live embryonated eggs were either not injected or administered a dilution of an FMG vaccine at 106 CFU per dose, 1 × 104 CFU per dose, 1 × 102 CFU per dose, or 1 CFU per dose.

Muscle fiber structure in an aging long-lived seabird, the black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla).

Many long-lived animals do not appear to show classic signs of aging, perhaps because they show negligible senescence until dying from "catastrophic" mortality. Muscle senescence is seldom examined in wild animals, yet decline in muscle function is one of the first signs of aging in many lab animals and humans. Seabirds are an excellent study system for physiological implications of aging because they are long-lived animals that actively forage and reproduce in the wild.

A conserved asparagine in a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme positions the substrate for nucleophilic attack.

The mechanism used by the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, Ubc13, to catalyze ubiquitination is probed with three computational techniques: Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics, single point quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics energies, and classical molecular dynamics. These simulations support a long-held hypothesis and show that Ubc13-catalyzed ubiquitination uses a stepwise, nucleophilic attack mechanism. Furthermore, they show that the first step-the formation of a tetrahedral, zwitterionic intermediate-is rate limiting.

Neuronal Migration Generates New Populations of Neurons That Develop Unique Connections, Physiological Properties and Pathologies.

Central nervous system neurons become postmitotic when radial glia cells divide to form neuroblasts. Neuroblasts may migrate away from the ventricle radially along glia fibers, in various directions or even across the midline. We present four cases of unusual migration that are variably connected to either pathology or formation of new populations of neurons with new connectivities.

Utilization of Point-of-Care Ultrasonography (POCUS) for Small Bowel Obstruction.

Small bowel obstruction is a frequently encountered condition throughout emergency departments and accounts for a large number of surgical hospital admissions. Point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) by emergency providers can serve as a valuable tool to assist in prompt and accurate diagnosis, which could potentially reduce the quantity of undesirable effects such as radiation and cost seen with other advanced imaging modalities (e.g.

The Kaleidoscope of Citizen ScienceCommentary.

The narratives in this issue suggest six themes that merit further exploration: (1) the complexity of citizen science as a concept; (2) the potential to incorporate insights from the literature on team science; (3) the role of power and privilege in citizen science; (4) tensions over standardization, regulation, and quality control; (5) the nature and importance of local knowledge; and (6) the role of funding sources in citizen science initiatives. Taken together, these narratives and themes provide an image of citizen science that is like a kaleidoscope. They portray citizen science as a jumble of different kinds of activities that are in a constant state of flux.