Leveraging Large Language Models in Radiology Research: A Comprehensive User Guide.

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have been increasingly integrated into radiology research, revolutionizing the research landscape. The Radiology Research Alliance (RRA) of the Association for Academic Radiology (AAR) has convened a Task Force to develop this guide to help radiology researchers responsibly adopt LLM technologies. LLMs can improve various phases of the research process by helping to automate literature reviews, generate research questions, analyze complex datasets, and draft manuscripts.

Acute systemic macrophage depletion in osteoarthritic mice alleviates pain-related behaviors and does not affect joint damage.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful degenerative joint disease and a leading source of years lived with disability globally due to inadequate treatment options. Neuroimmune interactions reportedly contribute to OA pain pathogenesis. Notably, in rodents, macrophages in the DRG are associated with onset of persistent OA pain.

Increasing diversity in the nutrition, obesity, and diabetes biomedical workforce: the BRIDGES consortium.

Scientists from diverse backgrounds are underrepresented (UR) in academia. This lack of diversity impedes scientific discovery and innovation. UR scientists tend to conduct research on issues relevant to UR populations, including chronic disease prevention and management, and health disparities.

An amino acid-resolution interactome for motile cilia identifies the structure and function of ciliopathy protein complexes.

Motile cilia are ancient, evolutionarily conserved organelles whose dysfunction underlies motile ciliopathies, a broad class of human diseases. Motile cilia contain a myriad of different proteins that assemble into an array of distinct machines, and understanding the interactions and functional hierarchies among them presents an important challenge. Here, we defined the protein interactome of motile axonemes using cross-linking mass spectrometry in Tetrahymena thermophila.

Elevated Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA Levels Are Associated With Reduced Myocardial Blood Flow but Not Angiographic Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy: The EVIDENT Study.

Background: Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) leads to impaired myocardial blood flow (MBF), increasing the risk of cardiovascular death or retransplant among heart transplantation (HT) recipients. Data on elevation in donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) and CAV in the absence of rejection are mixed. We sought to test the hypothesis that CAV with reduced MBF (RMBF) is associated with elevated dd-cfDNA.

Blood Eosinophil Count is the Dominant Clinical Marker for type 2 Inflammatory Severity in CRSwNP.

Objective: Severe type 2 eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is challenging to treat and susceptible to recurrence post-surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between clinical markers and tissue type 2 inflammatory severity in patients with CRSwNP.

Methods: Adult patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery for bilateral CRSwNP were prospectively enrolled.

Nationwide, Couple-Based Genetic Carrier Screening.

Background: Genomic sequencing technology allows for identification of reproductive couples with an increased chance, as compared with that in the general population, of having a child with an autosomal recessive or X-linked genetic condition.

Methods: We investigated the feasibility, acceptability, and outcomes of a nationwide, couple-based genetic carrier screening program in Australia as part of the Mackenzie's Mission project. Health care providers offered screening to persons before pregnancy or early in pregnancy.

Comparative neurofilament light chain trajectories in CSF and plasma in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease.

Disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are likely to be most beneficial when initiated in the presymptomatic phase. To track the benefit of such interventions, fluid biomarkers are of great importance, with neurofilament light chain protein (NfL) showing promise for monitoring neurodegeneration and predicting cognitive outcomes. Here, we update and complement previous findings from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network Observational Study by using matched cross-sectional and longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma samples from 567 individuals, allowing timely comparative analyses of CSF and blood trajectories across the entire disease spectrum.

Cerebral Oxygen Metabolic Stress in Children and Adults With Large Vessel Vasculopathy Due to Sickle Cell Disease.

Background And Objectives: Large vessel vasculopathy (LVV), or moyamoya syndrome, increases the risk of stroke in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), yet effective treatments are lacking. In atherosclerotic carotid disease, previous studies demonstrated elevated oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) as a predictor of ipsilateral stroke. In a SCD cohort, we examined hemispheric hemodynamic and oxygen metabolic dysfunction as tissue-based biomarkers of cerebral ischemic risk in patients with LVV.

Manufacturing of breathable, washable, and fabric-integrated squid skin-inspired thermoregulatory materials.

Advanced thermal management technologies represent an important research frontier because such materials and systems show promise for enhancing personal physiological comfort and reducing building energy consumption. These technologies typically offer the advantages of excellent portability, user-friendly tunability, energy efficiency, and straightforward manufacturability, but they frequently suffer from critical challenges associated with poor breathability, inadequate wash stability, and difficult fabric integration. Within this broader context, our laboratory has previously developed heat-managing composite materials by drawing inspiration from the color-changing skin of the common squid.

miR-146a-5p mediates inflammation-induced β cell mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis.

We previously showed that miR-146a-5p is upregulated in pancreatic islets treated with proinflammatory cytokines. Others have reported that miR-146a-5p overexpression is associated with β cell apoptosis and impaired insulin secretion. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating these effects remain elusive.

Evaluating ChatGPT as a patient resource for frequently asked questions about lung cancer surgery-a pilot study.

Objective: Chat-based artificial intelligence programs like ChatGPT are reimagining how patients seek information. This study aims to evaluate the quality and accuracy of ChatGPT-generated answers to common patient questions about lung cancer surgery.

Methods: A 30-question survey of patient questions about lung cancer surgery was posed to ChatGPT in July 2023.

Sex-Stratified Genome-Wide Association Study in the Spanish Population Identifies a Novel Locus for Lacunar Stroke.

Background: Ischemic stroke (IS) represents a significant health burden globally, necessitating a better understanding of its genetic underpinnings to improve prevention and treatment strategies. Despite advances in IS genetics, studies focusing on the Spanish population and sex-stratified analyses are lacking.

Methods: A case-control genome-wide association study was conducted with 9081 individuals (3493 IS cases and 5588 healthy controls).

Antithrombotic efficacy and bleeding risks of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia treatments.

Current guidelines for treating vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) recommend nonheparin anticoagulants and IV immunoglobulin (IVIg). However, the efficacy of these treatments remains uncertain due to case studies involving small patient numbers, confounding factors (eg, concurrent treatments), and a lack of animal studies. A recent study proposed danaparoid and heparin as potential VITT therapies because of their ability to disrupt VITT IgG-platelet factor 4 (PF4) binding.

Are the Hypo-Reflective Clumps Associated With Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Adaptive Optics Ophthalmoscopy Autofluorescent?

Purpose: Hypo-reflective clumps (HRCs) are structures associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that were identified using flood-illumination adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy (FIAO) and hypothesized to be either macrophages that have accumulated melanin through the phagocytosis of retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cell organelles or transdifferentiated RPE cells. HRCs may be autofluorescent (AF) in the near infrared (NIR) but clinical NIR autofluorescence imaging lacks the resolution to answer this question definitively. Here, we used near infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF) imaging in fluorescence adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) to determine whether HRCs are AF.

PanIN and CAF transitions in pancreatic carcinogenesis revealed with spatial data integration.

This study introduces a new imaging, spatial transcriptomics (ST), and single-cell RNA-sequencing integration pipeline to characterize neoplastic cell state transitions during tumorigenesis. We applied a semi-supervised analysis pipeline to examine premalignant pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs) that can develop into pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Their strict diagnosis on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples limited the single-cell characterization of human PanINs within their microenvironment.

Topographic Clinical Insights From Deep Learning-Based Geographic Atrophy Progression Prediction.

Purpose: To explore the contributions of fundus autofluorescence (FAF) topographic imaging features to the performance of convolutional neural network-based deep learning (DL) algorithms in predicting geographic atrophy (GA) growth rate.

Methods: Retrospective study with data from study eyes from three clinical trials (NCT02247479, NCT02247531, NCT02479386) in GA. The algorithm was initially trained with full FAF images, and its performance was considered benchmark.