Chlorine dioxide as a post-disinfectant for Dutch drinking water.

Chlorine dioxide has some important advantages over chlorine with respect to water quality (no formation of trihalomethanes, no impairment of taste and no odor) and stability when used for oxidation/disinfection of drinking water. In this paper, results are presented of experiments into the consumption and reaction kinetics of chlorine dioxide in a number of (drinking) waters in The Netherlands. It was found that chlorine dioxide consumption is related to the dissolved oxygen content (DOC) of the water and the reaction time.

Mutagenic activity and presence of the strong mutagen 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2-(5H)-furanone (MX) in chlorinated raw and drinking waters in The Netherlands.

Chlorinated surface and drinking waters in The Netherlands were analysed for mutagenic activity (Ames test) and the strong mutagen 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX). Mutagenic activity and MX were formed during chlorine treatment of raw surface waters and purified surface water. Mutagenicity was also present in finished drinking waters which had been subjected to post-chlorination, but no MX could be detected.

Wet deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in The Netherlands.

The concentrations of 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in rainwater at four locations in the Netherlands in 1983 are reported. From literature data for these PAH in air, scavenging ratios were calculated. For PAH predominantly adsorbed on aerosols these scavenging ratios are in the range 3-13 X 10(4).