Characterization and Release Mechanisms of Aerogel-Encapsulated Biocide Crystals for Low-Loading and High-Utilization Antifouling Coatings.

Silica aerogel-encapsulated biocide crystals can potentially enhance the protection efficiency of antifouling coatings, thereby lowering the impact on nontarget aquatic life. In the present study, copper pyrithione (CuPT) crystals are encapsulated by silica aerogel to obtain loadings of 50-80 wt % CuPT. For optimal design of the heterogeneous particles and mapping of the underlying biocide release mechanisms, the aerogel-encapsulated biocide crystals are characterized by scanning (transmission) electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, mercury intrusion porosity, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, and light scattering.

Safety and efficacy of tolebrutinib, an oral brain-penetrant BTK inhibitor, in relapsing multiple sclerosis: a phase 2b, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Background: Tolebrutinib is an oral, CNS-penetrant, irreversible inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, an enzyme expressed in B lymphocytes and myeloid cells including microglia, which are major drivers of inflammation in multiple sclerosis. We aimed to determine the dose-response relationship between tolebrutinib and the reduction in new active brain MRI lesions in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis.

Methods: We did a 16-week, phase 2b, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, dose-finding trial at 40 centres (academic sites, specialty clinics, and general neurology centres) in ten countries in Europe and North America.

Evolution of clinical trials in multiple sclerosis.

Clinical trials have advanced the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) by demonstrating the safety and efficacy of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). This review discusses major changes to MS clinical trials in the era of DMTs. As treatment options for MS continue to increase, patients in modern MS trials present earlier and with milder disease compared with historic MS populations.

Siponimod versus placebo in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (EXPAND): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 study.

Background: No treatment has consistently shown efficacy in slowing disability progression in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). We assessed the effect of siponimod, a selective sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator, on disability progression in patients with SPMS.

Methods: This event-driven and exposure-driven, double-blind, phase 3 trial was done at 292 hospital clinics and specialised multiple sclerosis centres in 31 countries.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ORGAN DOSES ASSESSMENT FOR PATIENTS UNDERGOING CONVENTIONAL X-RAY EXAMINATIONS: PHANTOM EXPERIMENTS VS. CALCULATIONS.

A series of phantom experiments were performed with the aim of estimating organ doses for patients undergoing conventional X-ray chest and pelvis examinations. The experiments were performed using physical phantoms corresponding to an adult and a 5-year-old child. Mean organ doses and entrance surface dose were measured using TL-dosemeters.