Unilateral biportal endoscopy: review and detailed surgical approach to extraforaminal approach.

Foraminal and extraforaminal lumbar disc herniations are common sources of pain and disability. Classic surgical treatments, such as open approach through Witsel technique, often involve resection of the superior articular process to decompress the foraminal space. Unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE) has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative, providing enhanced visualization and precision while minimizing soft tissue damage.

Efficacy of LaAg Vaccine Associated with Saponin Against Infection.

Background/objectives: The total lysate of (LaAg) is one of the most extensively studied vaccine formulations against leishmaniasis. Despite demonstrating safety and immunogenicity when administered intramuscularly, LaAg has failed to show efficacy in clinical trials and, in some cases, has even been associated with an enhanced susceptibility to infection. Adjuvants, which are molecules or compounds added to antigens to enhance the immunogenicity or modulate the immune response, are frequently employed in vaccine studies.

Redefining Antifungal Treatment: The Innovation of Metal-Based Compounds.

Fungal infections are a significant contributor to global morbidity and mortality, particularly among immunocompromised patients. With the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant strains, it has become imperative to identify alternative approaches. Metal ion coordination enhances drug efficacy through novel modes of action and may hinder resistance mechanisms.

Novel Fermented Plant-Based Functional Beverage: Biological Potential and Impact on the Human Gut Microbiota.

Controlled fermentation carried out by selected starters might enhance the safety, nutritional, and biological profiles of non-dairy fermented products. This research aims to study the biological potential and impact on the human gut microbiota of a novel fermented finger millet-based product. Finger millet (), suspended in an aqueous sucrose-based solution, was fermented by 2LABPT05 and 299v (1%, 1:1 ratio (/)), at 30 °C/200 rpm in an orbital incubator until pH ≈ 4.

A Comparative Elemental Analysis of Espresso Coffee from Poland and Portugal.

A comparative elemental analysis of espresso coffee from Poland and Portugal was carried out. Using an ICP-MS analytical procedure, samples collected from public cafes in Poland and Portugal (n = 60 and n = 44, respectively) were studied for their macromineral and trace element content. To evaluate the contribution of water to the final composition of the beverage, paired samples (i.